Computer-aided whole-cell design:taking a holistic approach by integrating synthetic with systems biology

Computer-aided design for synthetic biology promises to accelerate the rational and robust engineering of biological systems; it requires both detailed and quantitative mathematical and experimental models of the processes to (re)design, and software and tools for genetic engineering and DNA assembly. Ultimately, the increased precision in the design phase will have a dramatic impact on the production of designer cells and organisms with bespoke functions and increased modularity. Computer-aided design strategies require quantitative representations of cells, able to capture multiscale processes and link genotypes to phenotypes. Here, we present a perspective on how whole-cell, multiscale models could transform design-build-test-learn cycles in synthetic biology. We show how these models could significantly aid in the design and learn phases while reducing experimental testing by presenting case studies spanning from genome minimization to cell-free systems, and we discuss several challenges for the realization of our vision. The possibility to describe and build in silico whole-cells offers an opportunity to develop increasingly automatized, precise and accessible computer-aided design tools and strategies throughout novel interdisciplinary collaborations

Робоча програма навчальної дисципліни «Системи автоматизованого проектування технологічних процесів» для студентів спеціальностей: 133 Галузеве машинобудування, 208 Агроінженерія. Program of the Discipline Computer Aided Process Planning Specialty 133 Sectoral mechanical engineering, 208 Agroengineering

Технологічна підготовка виробництва визначається наявністю на підприємстві повних комплектів робочої, конструкторської, технологічної документації й засобів технологічного оснащення, необхідних для забезпечення заданого обсягу випуску продукції із установленими техніко-економічними показниками. До систем автоматизованого проектування технологічних процесів належать: CAM – (Computer-aided manufacturing) системи автоматизованого проектування, призначені для створення технологічної документації підготовки технологічного процесу виробництва виробів та для проектування обробки виробів на верстатах з числовим програмним управлінням; САРР – (Computer Aided Process Planning) – системи автоматизованого проектування технологічних процесів; СААР - (Computer Aided Assembly Planning) системи автоматизованого проектування процесів складання. Technological preparation of production is determined by the presence in the enterprise of complete sets of working, design, technological documentation and facilities of technological equipment necessary to provide a given volume of production with established technical and economic indicators. To systems of automated design of technological processes belong: CAM - (Computer-aided manufacturing) - systems of automated design, intended for creation of technological documentation of preparation of technological process of production of products and for designing of product processing on numerically controlled machine tools; САРР – (Computer Aided Process Planning) – systems of automated design of technological processes; СААР - (Computer Aided Assembly Planning) systems of automated design of assembly processes

An Empirical Analysis on the Benefits of Production Information Sysem for Japanese Manufacturing Companies

We empirically analyzed the linkage from computer-based information technologies utilized for production activities to the perceived benefits of production information systems, further to the competitive performance of each manufacturing plant, after presenting our research framework and a series of hypotheses. A database used for the analysis includes forty-six manufacturing plants located in Japan from three industries (machinery, electrical & electronics, and automobile). Information technologies we took up include computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE), computer aided processes planning (CAPP), local area networks (LAN) linking design and engineering stations, computer or direct numerical control (CNC/DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), automated retrieval and storage, material requirement planning (MRP), just-in-time (JIT) software, simulation tools, statistical process control (SPC) software, database for quality information, and electronic data interchange (EDI) linkages among others. The benefits of production information systems were measured in terms of manufacturing cost reduction, decrease in inventories, quality improvement, lead time reduction, increase in flexibility to changing product mix and production volume, new product introduction time reduction and so on. We found that there were several information technologies which did not necessarily show the hypothesized effects, and there were considerable unexpected or secondary effects upon the benefits of production information systems. Furthermore, some important benefits of production information systems, particularly manufacturing cost reduction and increase in flexibility, didn’t lead to the improvement in the corresponding competitive performance indexes

CAD Tools for DNA Micro-Array Design, Manufacture and Application

Motivation: As the human genome project progresses and some microbial and eukaryotic genomes are recognized, numerous biotechnological processes have attracted increasing number of biologists, bioengineers and computer scientists recently. Biotechnological processes profoundly involve production and analysis of highthroughput experimental data. Numerous sequence libraries of DNA and protein structures of a large number of micro-organisms and a variety of other databases related to biology and chemistry are available. For example, microarray technology, a novel biotechnology, promises to monitor the whole genome at once, so that researchers can study the whole genome on the global level and have a better picture of the expressions among millions of genes simultaneously. Today, it is widely used in many fields- disease diagnosis, gene classification, gene regulatory network, and drug discovery. For example, designing organism specific microarray and analysis of experimental data require combining heterogeneous computational tools that usually differ in the data format; such as, GeneMark for ORF extraction, Promide for DNA probe selection, Chip for probe placement on microarray chip, BLAST to compare sequences, MEGA for phylogenetic analysis, and ClustalX for multiple alignments. Solution: Surprisingly enough, despite huge research efforts invested in DNA array applications, very few works are devoted to computer-aided optimization of DNA array design and manufacturing. Current design practices are dominated by ad-hoc heuristics incorporated in proprietary tools with unknown suboptimality. This will soon become a bottleneck for the new generation of high-density arrays, such as the ones currently being designed at Perlegen [109]. The goal of the already accomplished research was to develop highly scalable tools, with predictable runtime and quality, for cost-effective, computer-aided design and manufacturing of DNA probe arrays. We illustrate the utility of our approach by taking a concrete example of combining the design tools of microarray technology for Harpes B virus DNA data

The evolution and change of building facades: A research for developing alternative composite surface materials

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, İzmir, 2007Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 107-110)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxi, 110 leavesCladding of buildings is an important and commonly applied activity area of building sector. As it is known major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor environment from the outdoors in such a way that indoor environment conditions can be maintained at level suitable for the buildings intended use. Therefore from the functional point of view it can be defined as, the part of the building that is non load bearing exterior wall that must defend the interior spaces against invasion by water, wind, sun, light, heat and cold, and all the other forces of nature. Besides this it must also fulfill the aesthetic, economic and security consideration. The design of the building façade has become much more complicated with development of new methods of construction, the requirements for a highly controlled interior environments, stress on energy efficiency, advent of materials and new production methods. But it seems that available technologies on ordinary building sector relay on the analog production methods. Analog production process depends on technical drawings and the interpretation of drawings. The human interpretation is the basics of the systems. On the other hand, new design tools that introduced by computer aided design programs proposes new conceptions of space that beyond the limits of Cartesian understanding of form and construction. It is known that computer aided design and production methods are applied pervasively in numerous different sectors. Articulation of computer aided design and manufacturing processes with digitally driven assemblage methods is an important task that is expected to be solved by the building sector. Building envelope systems as being one of the most important building component from the points of both identity and utility of buildings, is has to be reconsidered as a part of the adaptation of whole construction sector. It is also a measure of responsibility on the part of architects. Besides material design, production processes, and connection details of the components with the other parts of the building are the other important dimensions of the envelope systems

Toward mass production of microtextured microdevices: linking rapid prototyping with microinjection molding

The possibility of manufacturing textured materials and devices, with surface properties controlled from the design stage, instead of being the result of machining processes or chemical attacks, is a key factor for the incorporation of advanced functionalities to a wide set of micro and nanosystems. Recently developed high-precision additive manufacturing technologies, together with the use of fractal models linked to computer-aided design tools, allow for a precise definition and control of final surface properties for a wide set of applications, although the production of larger series based on these resources is still an unsolved challenge. However, rapid prototypes, with controlled surface topography, can be used as original masters for obtaining micromold inserts for final large-scale series manufacture of replicas using microinjection molding. In this study, an original procedure is presented, aimed at connecting rapid prototyping with microinjection molding, for the mass production of two different microtextured microsystems, linked to tissue engineering tasks, using different thermoplastics as ultimate materials

Manufacturing engineering practices in the metal fabrications sector of Ghanaian industry

The purpose of this paper is to find out manufacturing engineering (ME) practices in the metals sector of the Ghanaian industry. The paucity of such works in the literature means that the real state of ME practice is largely unknown, despite the fact that it remains an indispensable support function to industry. ME involves design and specification of tooling, production processes, process planning and technical problemsolving. Following ME principles make it far more likely that products will meet their design specifications and made within the estimated cost and time. In this study the practice of ME is investigated using a questionnaire sent to 50 sampled metal processing firms in three major cities but returned by 25 of them. Thirteen of them are from Kumasi, 5 from Tema, and 7 from Accra. Data gathered were analysed using descriptive statistics including graphs. Comparisons were also made with global best practice found in the literature. The results suggest that the classical functions of ME are being practiced to various degrees in the firms studied. However, production facilities employed are mostly of the conventional type and equipment such as computer numerical control machines (CNCs), industrial robots, automated material handling systems, and flexible manufacturing systems are not in place. By this absence, many advantages of CNC and other automated production machine tools such as higher precision and repeatability, greater flexibility, reduced cutting and idle times etc., are missed by metal processing firms in Ghana. Further, firms do not use any computer systems for design/manufacturing, a situation that can only be bad for competitiveness and growth, because computer aided design (CAD) and manufacturing systems, including computer aided process planning, accelerate the design process to integrate it with manufacturing by eliminating artificial barriers that lead to long lead-times. In addition 40% of respondent firms retain manufacturing engineers who do not contribute to Design for Manufacture (DFM) or Design for Assembly. This confirms a major factor responsible for a reported low rate of new product introduction; moreover, where manufacturing engineers do offer some contribution to DFM, they do not consciously have product innovation in mind as a target goal, a situation which can best be described as unprogressive.Keywords: Metal processing, manufacturing engineering, practices, Ghan

Computer Aided Design of Worms in the Same Axis

In today’s technology, it is the computer -aided or fully automated systems that take over the designing processes of products, technology and tools of production. The computer support of engineering wor k is the most important condition for increasing the efficiency of production and enhancing the quality of the products. The automated technical development of the production, and the abstract of the production geometry by projective geometry in case of a few special worms, so spiroid, the mathematical description and the realisation show an advance. The programmed mathematical model is suitable to the discussion of the production geometry problems of various types of cylindrical and conical worm surfaces – with an exact mathematical solution – that it can be applied for many purposes in engineering practice and the elaboration of the uniform concept of the implementation for the purposes of geometrically proper design

Design with Concurrent Approach: Development and Flow Analysis of Injection Mould Tool for Computer Monitor Lamp Holder

The plastic product manufacturing industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most popular processes for making plastic parts is injection moluding. The design of injection mould is critically important to product quality and efficient product processing. Mould-making companies, who wish to maintain the competitive edge, desire to shorten both design and manufacturing leading times by applying a systematic mould design process. The mould industry is an important support industry during the product development process, serving as an important link between the product designer and manufacturer. Product development has changed from the traditional serial process of design, followed by manufacture, to a more organized concurrent process where design and manufacture are considered at a very early stage of design. The research presents the basic structure of two plate injection mould design, injection moulding machine selection, process analysis of the injection mould design using mould flow analysis to optimize the mould cost in the design stage. This injection mould design system covers both the mould design process and mould knowledge management. In this work, CAE tools have been used in the design stage to reduce the losses to obtain the shortened lead time, high quality and achieving low cost of the mould. The design of an injection process involves the simultaneous consideration of plastic part design, mould design and injection moulding machine selection, production  scheduling and cost as early as possible in the design stage. The result indicated that conventional method will consume more time and also increases the cost of machining and delay in dispatching the product. If change in design happens before pre-production and after production by trial and error method then there will be a drastic increase in design change cost which effects on cycle time, waste of raw material, increase in process time and wastage of labour cost. These entire draw backs are eliminated by using computer aided design and computer aided engineering  technology for mould design and manufactured in very short period of time with minimum cost. The future scope of work is to include cooling, warpage and fatigue analysis to optimize tool design and tool life