Universalizing Copyright Fair Use: To Copy, or Not to Copy?

This Article thoroughly examines the universal shift toward the U.S. fair use doctrine. It begins with an elucidation of the fair use doctrine and its foreign counterparts, briefly explaining the history and function of each doctrine and differentiating them from one another. The Article then delves into the aspirations of foreign countries that have opted into the transplant of the U.S. doctrine or merely contemplated a transplant. These aspirations are narrowed down to three dimensions of development: access to knowledge, responsiveness to innovative technologies, and enhancing creative production. Using the capabilities approach of development – developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum - as the standard of assessment, this Article examines the credibility of the postulations set forth by these nations, comparing fair use to its counterparts with regard to the three dimensions. This Article supports two conclusions. First, fair use entails development and is better equipped to foster development within the three dimensions. Second, the U.S.’s blatant protest of the universal transposition of the doctrine is a precapitalist constraint that provides U.S. industries with a comparative advantage

To Use or Not to Use: Analysis of ICT in the Ideation Process of Graphic Design in the Senior High Schools

This paper is an outcome of a survey that sought to analyse the use of ICT in idea development in the design process with respect to graphic design education in the second cycle institution. The focus was to examine the effect of the introduction of ICT into the curriculum of graphic design education in the Senior High Schools (SHS) on idea development. Quantitatively, data was gathered from two hundred and twenty students from four different SHS in Kumasi, where graphic design is pursued as an elective course in visual art. There was evidence to suggest that even though ICT as a tool is studied in schools, design students were not officially allowed to either assess the internet or use the computer for idea development. However, there were evidence to suggest that students mostly assess the internet and use the computer for their assignments in their respective homes. The results also affirmed that ICT helped in their idea development even though per the pedagogy, teachers do not teach the students. The study however recommends that curriculum developers take another look at the curriculum in shaping the thoughts of these students since the early and proper use of ICT by design students will help in the thinking on the use of technology in the higher education institutions. Moreover, it will also help in the realization of their full potential of technology in idea development in the design process, especially in developing countries. Keywords: idea development, pedagogy, computer technology, ICT DOI: 10.7176/ADS/90-04 Publication date: February 28th 202

“To use or not to use” - Mobile technology in nature-based tourism experience

This study investigates the role of mobile technology in the three stages (pre-visit, during-visit, and post-visit) of nature-based tourism (NBT) experiences. By employing collaborative autoethnography and reflexive thematic data analysis, this research explored the NBT experiences of four researchers who participated in a nature-based trek. The findings revealed that in the pre-visit stage, mobile technologies enhanced the NBT experience by enabling the flow of information for planning and mediating the anticipated experiences. Mobile technologies supported tracking well-being, documenting, and sharing the experience online in the during-visit stage. In the post-visit stage, mobile technologies allowed for reliving, reflecting, and sharing the experience. Using mobile technology in this NBT experience also led to some negative experiences, specifically interruptions that resulted in some participants' inability to truly immerse themselves in the experience. This study adds to the existing body of literature on NBT, highlighting the implications of technology, particularly mobile technology, for NBT experiences that can be capitalised on by visitors and destinations/service providers

Free of charge: an impossible principle in the digital world?

UK higher education has taken a number of bold steps to deliver network services through national planning. However, underlying these pragmatically organised services is a philosophical approach to information provision. Central to that philosophy is that services should be free at the point of use and that we have a duty to the nation to turn out graduates who are not only eager to use electronic services, but have been taught the skills to take the fullest advantage of this. Small nations such as the United Kingdom or the countries of Scandinavia have a huge advantage over the United States. We can practise systematic national planning and introduce services, training and documentation on a countrywide basis. To experiment with and change the whole system is not an opportunity offered to very large decentralised or federal countries

Making Waves: Media's Potential for Girls in the Global South

There are around 600 million adolescent girls living in developing countries. Doubly marginalised because oftheir gender and age, many live a bleak existence -- excluded from access to basic public services, unable to shape the decisions that affect their lives and vulnerable to violence at home and on the street. Their voices often go unheard.Slowly, this is beginning to change. Over the past two decades girls have become a growing priority for the international development community. Investing in their health education and employment prospects is nowwidely considered to have an important ripple effect on other development outcomes such as economic growth and social equality. As a result, development assistance programmes that support girls' empowerment are now seen by many as not just the "right" thing to do, but a necessity Less well understood is where media fits into this equation The interplay between media and gender norms has long been recognised and a substantial literature explores how media affects girls in the Global North But against a backdrop of rapidly changing media landscapes -- characterised by increasing competition for audiences sensationalism and expanding access to new technologies -- the role that media plays in girls' lives in the Global South demands further examination.Drawing on expert interviews as well as insights from the media and development literature, this policy briefing seeks to fill this gap. It argues that media -- whether traditional or online -- matters a great deal in the lives of girls in the developing world. It matters because it has the ability to be harmful to girls' interests and self-esteem, and it matters because it can also be so effective in playing a positive role in girls' lives. Specifically, media can influence girls' aspirations and behaviours around their health and livelihoods open the door to greater participation in society and ensure that girls' issues move higher up the public agenda. If challenges around media access and control and the extent to which media organisations value girls as part of their audience, are addressed head on, media can play a vital role in helping to advance the wellbeing of adolescent girls in regions of the world where their interests have traditionally been most neglected

Ethics and Design in the Brazilian Context

Often driven by practical and immediate requirements, more and more people are incorporating technology into a variety of aspects of their lives, often without reflecting on the consequences of using them. On the other hand, studies on interactive system development that lead to behavioral change have been gaining ground on the agenda of large HCI conferences. This movement brings to the forefront the fundamental issues of ethics in design and technology use. A designer’s intentions, when directing certain actions or behaviors, are not always explicit or desired by the stakeholders affected by the use of the technology. Systems that induce an undesired purchase, or even those that use conditioning strategies to cause a behavioral change are examples of such intentions. The challenge proposed is therefore about the relationship between design and personal freedom in a way that these technology users do not become victims, either passively or submissively, of the effects of its use. This advance allows for the redefinition of the relationship between man and technology, and the application of new forms of designing and developing interactive systems that take into account the ethical aspects of this relationship