2,379 research outputs found
Information actors beyond modernity and coloniality in times of climate change:A comparative design ethnography on the making of monitors for sustainable futures in Curaçao and Amsterdam, between 2019-2022
In his dissertation, Mr. Goilo developed a cutting-edge theoretical framework for an Anthropology of Information. This study compares information in the context of modernity in Amsterdam and coloniality in Curaçao through the making process of monitors and develops five ways to understand how information can act towards sustainable futures. The research also discusses how the two contexts, that is modernity and coloniality, have been in informational symbiosis for centuries which is producing negative informational side effects within the age of the Anthropocene. By exploring the modernity-coloniality symbiosis of information, the author explains how scholars, policymakers, and data-analysts can act through historical and structural roots of contemporary global inequities related to the production and distribution of information. Ultimately, the five theses propose conditions towards the collective production of knowledge towards a more sustainable planet
Patterns and Variation in English Language Discourse
The publication is reviewed post-conference proceedings from the international 9th Brno Conference on Linguistics Studies in English, held on 16–17 September 2021 and organised by the Faculty of Education, Masaryk University in Brno. The papers revolve around the themes of patterns and variation in specialised discourses (namely the media, academic, business, tourism, educational and learner discourses), effective interaction between the addressor and addressees and the current trends and development in specialised discourses. The principal methodological perspectives are the comparative approach involving discourses in English and another language, critical and corpus analysis, as well as identification of pragmatic strategies and appropriate rhetorical means. The authors of papers are researchers from the Czech Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Serbia and Georgia
Introduction to Psychology
Introduction to Psychology is a modified version of Psychology 2e - OpenStax
Analytical validation of innovative magneto-inertial outcomes: a controlled environment study.
peer reviewe
(New) Approaches and Challenges in Measuring Self-Regulation
Research and clinical practice have long identified self-regulation, the ability to work towards a specific goal and ignoring internal as well as external distractions, as an important precursor for positive life outcomes, like vocational success, favorable health behavior, and better social relationships. However, the measurement methods to assess individuals’ self-regulation vary widely. Within this dissertation, I am examining different approaches in the measurement of self-regulation: depicting interindividual differences and intraindividual fluctuations via ambulatory assessment, investigating associations with internal and external factors, in this case sleep and executive functions, using the dimensional perspective to assess strengths and weaknesses, and comparing self- and observer reports to understand differences between assessments. In the first manuscript we investigated 70 schoolchildren aged 10-12 years on their self-regulation ability and their night sleep as well as their daytime sleepiness via ambulatory assessment (i.e., repeated measurement on technical devices) in their daily life. The second manuscript is based on the same sample and examines more closely the temporal fluctuations of self-regulation and working-memory performance (i.e., executive functioning), as well as their associations on the inter- and the intraindividual level. The third manuscript investigates self-regulation in 142 adults, using a dimensional questionnaire and comparing self- versus observer reports by a significant other. The results of the presented studies show that all measurement approaches have individual advantages and challenges. Measuring temporal fluctuations of self-regulation helps to differentiate inter- and intraindividual associations with internal and external factors like sleep and executive functions. However, it poses a high burden on the participants and requires considerable resources. Dimensional measurement permits the investigation of strengths and weaknesses within an individual and allows for new research questions but needs more groundwork in the development of valid and reliable scales. Including self- and observer reports into the assessment of self-regulation provides additional information about the target behavior but further research is needed concerning the factors which might influence the differences in reports. In conclusion, the discussed measurement approaches suggest a better understanding of self-regulation abilities in humans. However, more precise theory and additional research is needed to sufficiently understand how individuals self-regulate their cognition and behavior throughout their life
Studies on genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression dynamics
The information required to build an organism is contained in its genome and the first
biochemical process that activates the genetic information stored in DNA is transcription.
Cell type specific gene expression shapes cellular functional diversity and dysregulation
of transcription is a central tenet of human disease. Therefore, understanding
transcriptional regulation is central to understanding biology in health and disease.
Transcription is a dynamic process, occurring in discrete bursts of activity that can be
characterized by two kinetic parameters; burst frequency describing how often genes
burst and burst size describing how many transcripts are generated in each burst. Genes
are under strict regulatory control by distinct sequences in the genome as well as
epigenetic modifications. To properly study how genetic and epigenetic factors affect
transcription, it needs to be treated as the dynamic cellular process it is. In this thesis, I
present the development of methods that allow identification of newly induced gene
expression over short timescales, as well as inference of kinetic parameters describing
how frequently genes burst and how many transcripts each burst give rise to. The work is
presented through four papers:
In paper I, I describe the development of a novel method for profiling newly transcribed
RNA molecules. We use this method to show that therapeutic compounds affecting
different epigenetic enzymes elicit distinct, compound specific responses mediated by
different sets of transcription factors already after one hour of treatment that can only
be detected when measuring newly transcribed RNA.
The goal of paper II is to determine how genetic variation shapes transcriptional bursting.
To this end, we infer transcriptome-wide burst kinetics parameters from genetically
distinct donors and find variation that selectively affects burst sizes and frequencies.
Paper III describes a method for inferring transcriptional kinetics transcriptome-wide
using single-cell RNA-sequencing. We use this method to describe how the regulation of
transcriptional bursting is encoded in the genome. Our findings show that gene specific
burst sizes are dependent on core promoter architecture and that enhancers affect burst
frequencies. Furthermore, cell type specific differential gene expression is regulated by
cell type specific burst frequencies.
Lastly, Paper IV shows how transcription shapes cell types. We collect data on cellular
morphologies, electrophysiological characteristics, and measure gene expression in the
same neurons collected from the mouse motor cortex. Our findings show that cells
belonging to the same, distinct transcriptomic families have distinct and non-overlapping
morpho-electric characteristics. Within families, there is continuous and correlated
variation in all modalities, challenging the notion of cell types as discrete entities
Morphometric reorganization induced by working memory training: perspective from vertex and network levels
Der sich beschleunigende globale Alterungsprozess und die Tatsache, dass sich die kog-nitiven Fähigkeiten mit dem Alter verschlechtern, was sich erheblich auf die Lebensquali-tät älterer Erwachsener auswirkt, insbesondere bei altersbedingten Störungen (z. B. kogni-tiver Beeinträchtigung, Demenz), weisen auf einen dringenden Bedarf an Ansätzen zum Schutz und zur Verbesserung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten sowie an Untersuchungen der neuronalen Substrate altersbedingter Veränderungen und der Neuroplastizität hin. Da man davon ausgeht, dass das Arbeitsgedächtnis (WM) die grundlegende Ursache für altersbe-dingte kognitive Beeinträchtigungen bei einer Vielzahl von kognitiven Fähigkeiten dar-stellt, ist das Arbeitsgedächtnistraining (WMT) zu einem aktuellen Thema und einem be-liebten Ansatz geworden. Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, dass das Arbeitsgedächtnistrai-ning (WMT) die kognitive Leistung verbessert. Die spezifischen Auswirkungen sowie die zugrunde liegenden neurobiologischen Mechanismen sind jedoch nach wie vor um-stritten.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die durch das WMT induzierte neuronale strukturelle Plastizität auf mehreren Ebenen sowie die Verhaltenseffekte des WMT zu untersuchen. In der ers-ten Studie untersuchten wir die topographischen Veränderungen der Morphologie der grauen Substanz durch WMT, indem wir vier strukturelle Metriken (d.h. die kortikale Dicke, das kortikale Volumen, die kortikale Oberfläche und den lokalen Gyrifikationsin-dex, LGI) sowie die subkortikalen Volumina explorierten. Konkret wurden 59 gesunde Probanden mittleren Alters nach dem Zufallsprinzip entweder einem adaptiven WMT oder einer nicht-adaptiven Intervention zugewiesen. Alle Teilnehmer unterzogen sich vor und nach der 8-wöchigen WMT-Phase einer Neurobildgebung sowie kognitiven Tests. Vor und nach dem WMT wurden vier kortikale Metriken auf Scheitelpunktniveau und sieben subkortikale Volumina sowie die globale mittlere kortikale Dicke berechnet. Das wich-tigste Ergebnis war, dass die WMT-Gruppe im Vergleich zur aktiven Kontrollgruppe eine größere Zunahme der kortikalen Faltung in den bilateralen parietalen Regionen zeigte. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass strukturelle Veränderungen durch WMT in WM-bezogenen Regionen, insbesondere in parietalen Regionen, die Verarbeitung einer höhe-ren WM-Belastung erleichtern können. Darüber hinaus könnte die kortikale Faltung das relevanteste und plastischste Merkmal von WM und Lernen sein und WMT-Effekte stär-ker widerspiegeln als andere Metriken.
Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der ersten Studie haben wir darüber hinaus untersucht, ob die trainingsinduzierten Effekte des WMT in der kortikalen Faltung auf Vertex-Ebene von topologischen Veränderungen begleitet werden. Zu diesem Zweck untersuchten wir in Studie zwei die durch WMT verursachte Plastizität auf Netzwerkebene mit Hilfe eines strukturellen Kovarianzansatzes (SC), der auf denselben Stichproben basiert. Es wurden gyrifikationsbasierte SC-Matrizen für jede Gruppe vor und nach dem Training sowie lon-gitudinale gyrifikationsbasierte SC-Matrizen erstellt. Innerhalb jeder Gruppe ergab die LGI-basierte SC-Analyse keine Hinweise auf WMT-induzierte Veränderungen der kor-tiko-kortikalen Verbindungen, weder in der WMT- noch in der aktiven Kontrollgruppe. Die Ergebnisse der longitudinalen SC-Analyse (unkorrigiert p < 0,005) zeigten, dass die trainingsinduzierten Veränderungen der kortikalen Faltungsintensität signifikante Unter-schiede zwischen Paaren von parietalen Regionen sowie Paaren von frontalen Regionen aufwiesen.
Insgesamt deuten die kombinierten Ergebnisse dieser beiden Studien darauf hin, dass ers-tens WMT neuronale strukturelle Plastizität hervorrufen kann; zweitens die kortikale Fal-tung das relevanteste und plastischste Merkmal von WM und Lernen sein könnte, das die Auswirkungen von WMT besser widerspiegelt als andere Indikatoren auf Vertex-Ebene; und drittens die trainingsinduzierten lokalisierten Veränderungen der kortikalen Faltung von einem ähnlichen Muster vergleichbarer struktureller Veränderungen zwischen ROIs innerhalb der Regionen begleitet wurden. In Zukunft sind weitere Forschungen erforder-lich, um diese Ergebnisse zu wiederholen und zu validieren sowie um trainingsinduzierte topologische und topografische Veränderungen anhand einer breiteren Palette von Metri-ken und Eigenschaften zu untersuchen.The accelerating global aging process and the fact that cognitive abilities deteriorate with age, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of older adults, particularly those with age-related disorders (e.g., cognitive impairment, dementia), all point to an urgent need for approaches to protect and enhance cognitive abilities, as well as studies of the neural substrates of aging-related changes and neuroplasticity. Since working memory (WM) has been assumed to be the fundamental source of age-related cognitive impair-ments in a variety of cognitive abilities, working memory training (WMT) has become a hot topic as well as a popular approach. Previous studies have established that working memory training (WMT) improves cognitive performance. However, the specific effects, as well as the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, remain a matter of controversy.
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate WMT-induced neural structural plasticity at multiple levels together with the behavioral effects of WMT. In study one, we investigated the topographic changes of grey matter morphology due to WMT by combining four structural metrics (i.e., cortical thickness (CT), cortical volume (CV), cortical surface area (CSA), and local gyrification index (LGI)) as well as subcortical volumes. Specifically, 59 healthy volunteers between the ages of 50 and 65 were randomly assigned to either an adaptive or a non-adaptive intervention. All participants underwent neuroimaging as well as cognitive testing before and after the 8-week intervention. Four cortical metrics at ver-tex level and seven subcortical volumes, as well as global mean cortical thickness, were calculated before and after the intervention. The most important finding was that the adap-tive WMT group showed greater increases in cortical folding in bilateral parietal regions in comparison to the active control group who performed the non-adaptive intervention. The results indicate that structural changes due to adaptive WMT in WM related regions, particularly parietal regions, may facilitate the processing of a higher WM load. In addi-tion, the cortical folding might be the most relevant and plastic feature of WM and learn-ing, reflecting WMT effects more than other metrics.
Based on the findings of study one, we further asked whether the training-induced effects of WMT in cortical folding at vertex-level are accompanied by topological changes. To this end, study two investigated network-level plasticity due to WMT by using the struc-tural covariance (SC) approach based on the same samples. Gyrification based SC matri-ces for each group before and after training, together with longitudinal gyrification SC matrices, were constructed. Within each group, the LGI-based SC analysis revealed no evidence of WMT-induced changes in cortical-cortical connections, either in the WMT or the active control groups. The results of the longitudinal SC analysis (uncorrected p < 0.005) revealed that the training induced changes of cortical folding intensity showed sig-nificant difference between pairs of parietal regions as well as pairs of frontal regions.
Overall, the combined findings of these two studies indicate that: firstly, WMT can pro-duce neural structural plasticity; secondly, cortical folding might be the most relevant and plastic feature of WM and learning, better reflecting the effects of WMT than other vertex-level indicators; and thirdly, the training induced localized changes in cortical folding were accompanied by the pattern of similar structural changes between ROIs within the regions. In the future, more research is required to replicate and validate these findings, as well as to investigate training-induced topological and topographic changes using a broader set of metrics and properties
Jews in East Norse Literature
This book explores the portrayal of Jews and Judaism in medieval Danish and Swedish literary and visual culture. Drawing on over 100 manuscripts and incunabula as well as runic inscriptions and religious art, the author describes the various, often contradictory, images ranging from antisemitism and anti-Judaism to the elevation of Jews as morally exemplary figures. It includes new editions of 54 East Norse texts with English translations
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