Citizen reactions to municipalities’ Instagram communication

In this paper, we explore how local governments are using Instagram as a communication tool to engage with their citizens, using data from the municipalities of Andalusia (Spain). We seek to identify the determinants of local government use of Instagram, the determinants of activity in this channel and the determinants of citizen reactions in order to understand the influence of media types (picture, video or album) used in municipality posts, and to understand content type (what the post is about). Instaloader, an open source intelligence (OSINT) tool for Instagram, was applied. It made it possible to automatically extract all posts of the analysed municipalities (14,742 posts). These were later automatically analysed using R, an open source software. It was determined that of the 29 Andalusian local governments with the highest populations, only those that maintain an account on Instagram, totalling 17 municipalities (58.62%), would be part of the final analysis. Our findings demonstrate that when local governments have a high level of debt, they do not maintain and actively use Instagram accounts. We also found that quality of posts’ content is more important than quantity of followers, since there is no significant relationship between citizen reactions and the number of inhabitants of a municipality or the number of followers (audience), while there is a significant negative relationship between the number of posts (activity) and reactions. Our results also highlight that the level of reactions can be stimulated by certain media and content types.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva / CBUAThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article: This work was supported as beneficiaries of the “Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020”, by the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spain), General Secretary for Universities, Research and Technology [Research Projects UHU-1253498]

How are film endings shaped by their socio-historical context? Part 2

This article explores the aspect of filmic narratolgy that has been neglected for a long time in cinema and media studies: endings. Richard Neupert's The End - Narration and Closure in the Cinema (1995), a rare work on this topic, is examined, and its theory tested on Picnic at Hanging Rock (Peter Weir, 1975), a film that does not easily fit Neupert's framework. This film has raised controversial views about whether it has an open or a closed ending. Trying to shade light on this debate Picnic at Hanging Rock is examined a second time by proposing a new model that relates the ending to the context the film was made in

Financial liberation and adjustment in Chile and New Zealand

The authors analyze macrodynamic adjustment during financial liberalization in Chile and New Zealand. During the adjustment to more open capital accounts in the late 1970s or mid-1980s, both countries experienced appreciation of the real exchange rate and a collapse of net exports, while domestic interest rates slowly converged to international levels. The authors develop and estimate a two-sector dynamic model using both current and time-varying parameters. They find the domestic interest rate to be more responsive to shocks under imperfect capital mobility, the real exchange rate more responsive under perfect capital mobility. In short, liberalization of the capital account does not eliminate volatility but rather shifts it from the domestic interest rate to the real exchange rate.Economic Theory&Research,Macroeconomic Management,Economic Stabilization,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform

Open Source Software: The New Intellectual Property Paradigm

Open source methods for creating software rely on developers who voluntarily reveal code in the expectation that other developers will reciprocate. Open source incentives are distinct from earlier uses of intellectual property, leading to different types of inefficiencies and different biases in R&D investment. Open source style of software development remedies a defect of intellectual property protection, namely, that it does not generally require or encourage disclosure of source code. We review a considerable body of survey evidence and theory that seeks to explain why developers participate in open source collaborations instead of keeping their code proprietary, and evaluates the extent to which open source may improve welfare compared to proprietary development.

Study Of Satisfaction: Open Space Housing In The South Tangerang Region

Housing is one of the necessities that must be fulfilled by every human being so that in the procurement of housing, the government has issued its own rules and regulations. Human needs are no less important that related to house is the existence of facilities. One of the essential means that needs to be held on housing is to conduct social activities or interaction among citizens. However, developers as providers of commercial houses in private housing have provided open space is also intended as one place for residents to social activities and did not escape the requirements of reforestation. The problem is what needs to be studied, what the problem is. This research is designed to find out the extent of the successful use of open space that has been provided by developers in private housing. By evaluating open space user satisfaction on house, referring to certain variables both from the non-physical and physical side is the method to be done in this research. The results of the study state that open space in Grand Serpong 2 housing is quite good from accessibility factors. But the less maintained condition of the open space made the residents less interested in visiting the room so that the occupants\u27 attachment to the space was not good enough. Hopefully, if the discovery of the response of housing, residents can be used as one of thought or consideration for the future for housing providers, to provide open space that can be utilized by the citizens

China's capital account convertibility and financial stability

Capital account convertibility in China is on the rise. Some see the process as a means of circumventing domestic financial sector inefficiency while others view it as potentially exposing China to financial crises. In considering these different viewpoints, this paper attempts to quantify the impact that opening the capital account will have on the volume of China�s international capital flows. It is found that were China to fully open its capital account, gross non-FDI capital flows are predicted to rise by around 4.6 percent of GDP. While an increase of this magnitude would present a prudential challenge for China�s monetary authorities, it does not appear to be large enough to seriously call into question financial sector stability, either in China or abroad.

Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development, Version 2.1 [Pre-print]

This document aims to agree on a broad, international strategy for the implementation of open scholarship that meets the needs of different national and regional communities but works globally. Scholarly research can be idealised as an inspirational process for advancing our collective knowledge to the benefit of all humankind. However, current research practices often struggle with a range of tensions, in part due to the fact that this collective (or “commons”) ideal conflicts with the competitive system in which most scholars work, and in part because much of the infrastructure of the scholarly world is becoming largely digital. What is broadly termed as Open Scholarship is an attempt to realign modern research practices with this ideal. We do not propose a definition of Open Scholarship, but recognise that it is a holistic term that encompasses many disciplines, practices, and principles, sometimes also referred to as Open Science or Open Research. We choose the term Open Scholarship to be more inclusive of these other terms. When we refer to science in this document, we do so historically and use it as shorthand for more general scholarship. The purpose of this document is to provide a concise analysis of where the global Open Scholarship movement currently stands: what the common threads and strengths are, where the greatest opportunities and challenges lie, and how we can more effectively work together as a global community to recognise and address the top strategic priorities. This document was inspired by the Foundations for OER Strategy Development and work in the FORCE11 Scholarly Commons Working Group, and developed by an open contribution working group. Our hope is that this document will serve as a foundational resource for continuing discussions and initiatives about implementing effective strategies to help streamline the integration of Open Scholarship practices into a modern, digital research culture. Through this, we hope to extend the reach and impact of Open Scholarship into a global context, making sure that it is truly open for all. We also hope that this document will evolve as the conversations around Open Scholarship progress, and help to provide useful insight for both global co-ordination and local action. We believe this is a step forward in making Open Scholarship the norm. Ultimately, we expect the impact of widespread adoption of Open Scholarship to be diverse. We expect novel research practices to accelerate the pace of innovation, and therefore stimulate critical industries around the world. We could also expect to see an increase in public trust of science and scholarship, as transparency becomes more normative. As such, we expect interest in Open Scholarship to increase at multiple levels, due to its inherent influence on society and global economics

Race, Culture & Abuse of Persons with Disabilities

This chapter will explore how race and culture influence the lives of persons with disabilities who are experiencing abuse. The discussion will be framed by an intersectional lens and will be informed by cultural humility and critical race theory. Practitioners need to remain open to the idea that they cannot and will not know all there is to know about any given culture, and they should be open to hearing about their clients’ understanding and experiences of culture. Rather than knowing certain pieces of “knowledge” about a cultural group, it is more important to understand what pieces of culture the clients embrace or reject. This chapter will conclude with a composite client case example of a female, middle-aged, Korean immigrant with Multiple Sclerosis, who is very active in her Christian church, and who is being abused by her husband. Discussion of this case will highlight the intersectional context of the client’s experience and how they may influence her decision to seek help (and from whom) as well as her experience of receiving help. The case discussion also highlights the practitioner’s values and behaviors that are consistent with cultural humility and critical race theory

Focusing on Openness of Government Information

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공), 2021.8. 김다울.지방자치제가 바람직하게 작동하기 위해서는 충분한 정보를 가진 시민 (informed citizenry)이 전제되어야 하며, 이 전제는 지방정부의 적극적인 정보 개방을 통해 충족될 수 있다. 시민들은 지방정부의 내부 행정활동에 대한 정보를 통해 지방정부의 행정활동을 감시하고 견제할 수 있으며, 지방정부가 제공한 데이터를 바탕으로 정부가 해결하지 못하는 지역의 수요와 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 현재 국내외적으로 지방정부의 정보 개방을 증진하기 위한 제도들이 시행되고 있지만, 정보 개방 수준은 지방정부 별로 상대적으로 큰 편차가 존재하고 있다. 이 논문은 지방정부들이 정보개방을 촉진하기 위한 같은 제도의 적용을 받고 있지만, 그 개방 수준이 서로 다르다는 점에 주목하였다. 이에 따라 지방정부의 정보개방성 결정요인을 규명하는 연구를 수행하였다. 관련 선행연구의 검토 결과, 다음과 같은 한계가 확인되었다. 첫째, 대다수의 선행연구는 지방정부의 정보개방에 대해 외부환경의 영향을 강조하고 있으며, 정보개방에 대한 지방정부의 내부적 동인에 대해서는 상대적으로 간과하고 있다. 둘째, 대부분의 선행연구들은 정부가 정보에 대한 수요자이자 실제 사용자로서의 시민의 중요성은 인식하지만, 실증적으로 그 영향을 적합한 데이터와 실증분석을 통해 규명하는 데에는 한계를 보이고 있었다. 셋째, 관련 선행연구들은 지방정부가 직면하고 있는 동태적인 상황에 대한 고려가 부족하다. 다시 말해, 지방정부의 공간적 요소를 간과하고, 지방정부의 정보개방에 대한 인접 지방정부와의 상호작용 가능성을 고려한 연구를 찾기 어렵다. 이상의 선행연구의 한계를 극복하기 위해 이 논문은 지방정부의 내부 기술요인을 강조하지만, 지방정부의 외부 환경요인을 함께 고려하는 기술-조직-환경 프레임워크(Technology-Organization-Environment Framework)를 활용하여 지방정부의 정보개방성 영향요인을 검증하고자 하였다. 분석을 위해 2015년부터 2019년까지의 한국의 228개 (기초 226개, 세종, 제주 포함) 지방정부의 데이터를 수집하였다. 종속변수인 정보 개방성은 정부 내부활동에 대한 감시가 가능한 (1) 행정문서의 원문공개율과 시민들에게 참여의 기회를 제공하는 (2) 공공데이터 개방 셋 수로 측정되었으며, 두 종속변수에 대해 각각 두 개의 모형을 통해 실증분석을 실시하였다. 우선, 에서는 기술 요인(지방정부의 기술 역량, 기술관련 자원, 기술 활용 계획 수준), 조직 요인(지방정부의 규모, 재정 자립도, 단체장의 정치적 성향), 환경 요인(지역 정치영향- 지방선거 연도, 지방의회와의 정치적 경쟁수준, 지역 시민 영향- 조직화된 시민, 개별 시민들의 영향수준, 법제화 영향- 조례 제정여부)이 독립변수로 설정되었고, 통제변수로는 중앙정부의 평가 시행여부, 지역 인구수, 지역 고령화 수준, 농가인구 비율, 연도가 활용되었다. 의 주요 분석 방법으로는 5개년 패널데이터를 활용한 고정효과 모형을 통해 변수들의 영향을 추정하였다. 다음으로, 에서는 정보개방성에 대한 인접 지방정부의 영향을 중점적으로 검증하였다. 에는 에 포함된 변수들을 모두 포함하였으며, 검증 방법으로는 공차모형(spatial lag model)을 활용한 패널 공간회귀분석(고정효과)을 활용하였다. 과 의 주요 분석 결과를 각 종속변수별로 요약하면 다음과 같다. 우선, 지방정부 내부 행정활동을 공개하는 개방성(원문공개율)에 있어서는 단체장의 정치적 성향(진보), ICT인력, 재정자립도(이상 조직 내부요인), 정치적 경쟁, 개별 시민들의 목소리(민원 제기), 관련 조례 제정 여부, 인접지방정부와의 상호작용(이상 조직 외부요인)의 영향이 확인되었다. 원문공개율에는 지방정부 내부와 외부요인 모두 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으나, 외부 요인의 영향이 더욱 두드러졌다. 특히, 지방정부의 내부 행정활동에 대한 개방 수준은 지방정부를 감시하고 상호작용하는 외부의 행위자들의 관계 속에서 결정되는 것으로 확인된다. 지방정부는 그들이 직면하고 있는 지역의 정치적 환경이 우호적일 때 개방 수준을 높이고, 지역의 정치적 환경이 비우호적일 때에는 개방 수준을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 예를 들어, 지방의회와의 정치적 경쟁이 낮을 때, 개별 시민들의 목소리가 높을 때 내부 정보에 대한 개방을 낮췄다. 지방정부는 여전히 행정정보에 대한 통제력을 행사하며, 그들의 정치적 이해관계에 따라 이를 전략적으로 조정하는 모습이 나타났다. 반면에, 정보 개방과 관련한 조례의 제정과 인접한 다른 지방정부들의 개방성 수준에는 긍정적 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 지방정부가 그들이 직면하고 있는 정치적 환경에 따라 원문공개율을 조정하지만, 지역에 정보공개와 관련한 조례가 제정되어있을 시에는 원문공개 수준이 전반적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 지리적으로 인접한 지방정부들 간에는 원문공개율과 관련하여 정부 간 상호작용을 하는 것으로 나타나 정보개방성에 대한 지역적 확산효과(spill-over)의 가능성을 엿볼 수 있었다. 지방정부 내부 요인 중에서는 단체장의 정치적 성향이 진보적일수록, 재정자립도가 낮을수록 개방성 수준을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 재정자립도가 낮은 지방정부의 경우 중앙정부에서 권고하고 있는 원문공개의 수준을 높였을 것으로 해석이 가능했다. 이 경우, 지방정부가 원문공개 수준을 낮춤으로써 받을 수 있는 비밀주의의 이득(incentives) 보다 원문공개율을 높여 중앙정부로부터 좋은 평가를 받아 중앙으로부터의 재정 지원에 긍정적 상황을 구성하는 것이 더 큰 이득이 되었기 때문으로 추론이 가능했다. 다음으로, 시민들의 참여의 기회를 제공하는 공공데이터 셋 개방에는 지방정부의 기술적 역량, 정보화계획 수준, 정부의 규모(이상 조직 내부요인), 개별 시민들의 목소리, 인접 지방정부와의 상호작용(이상 조직 외부요인)이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 오픈데이터 모형에서는 원문공개율 모형과는 다르게 조직 내부요인의 영향이 더욱 두드러졌다. 특히 내부 요인 중 기술 관련 요인의 영향이 명시적이었다. 조직의 기술적 역량이 높을수록, 조직의 기술활용 의지가 높을수록 공공데이터 개방에 더욱 적극적인 것으로 보인다. 또한, 공무원 수로 측정된 정부의 규모 또한 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있었는데, 이는 지방정부가 공공데이터를 개방하기 전 공공데이터를 생성하고 수집할 시 조직의 행정력이 소요될 수 있음을 시사하는 결과였다. 예를 들어, 공공데이터 개방 전에 데이터에 포함된 민감 정보를 분리, 비식별화해야하며 저작권 등의 문제를 검토해야 하는 등의 절차들로 인해 공공데이터 개방에는 일정 수준의 행정력이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 또한, 공공데이터의 개방에는 개별 시민들의 목소리(민원 제기)의 유의미한 영향이 검증되었는데, 원문공개율과는 달리 오히려 시민들의 목소리가 높게 표출될 때 데이터를 더 많이 개방하는 양상을 보였다. 이에 대해서는 지방정부가 해결하지 못하는 지역의 문제에 대해 데이터 개방을 더 적극적으로 실시함으로써, 지역 시민들과 문제를 공동으로 해결하려는 모습으로 해석할 수 있었다. 또한, 원문공개율 모형과 유사하게 공공데이터 개방에도 인접 지방정부의 긍정적 영향이 확인되었다. 인접 지방정부의 우수한 공공데이터 개방 성과가 지역의 언론에 공유되었을 경우, 지방정부는 이에 대해 긍정적 자극을 받았을 수 있다. 또한, 인접 지방정부들의 공무원들의 상호작용을 통해 이러한 지역적 확산효과가 일어났을 가능성이 존재한다. 이상의 분석결과는 다음과 같은 이론적 함의를 갖는다. 첫째, 본 연구는 “열린 지방정부”에 대한 개념적 차원을 두 가지로 개념화하고 측정하였다. 특히, 투명성과 알권리를 중심으로 하는 과거 열린 정부 패러다임의 핵심적 내용과 시민참여와 협력을 중심으로 하는 2009년 이후 대두된 새로운 열린 정부 패러다임의 핵심적 내용을 개념적 차원으로 구성하고 이를 각각 경성 자료로 측정을 시도했다. 둘째, TOE 프레임워크를 바탕으로 열린 지방정부에 대한 구조적인 결정요인을 검토했다. 셋째, 본 연구가 제안한 TOEN 프레임워크는 지역 시민의 영향, 인접 지방정부의 상호작용을 포함함으로써 지방 수준의 열린 정부 선행연구에서 존재하던 학술적 공백을 해결하였다. 넷째, 정보개방에 대한 행위자로서 지방정부의 역할을 조명할 수 있었다. 내부정보에 대한 지방정부의 통제, 데이터 개방에 필요한 조직 내부의 역량 등 정보 개방에 대한 지방정부의 전략적 행위와 의도적 노력에 대해서 확인할 수 있었다. 논의를 종합하여 도출한 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다. 지방정부의 내부 활동 정보에 대한 개방수준(원문공개율)을 높이기 위해서는 다음과 같은 방안이 고려될 수 있다. 우선, 원문공개율과 지방정부 평가지표의 연계가 필요하다. 이를 통해 원문공개율 실적에 따라 지방정부가 체감할 만한 보상 혹은 불이익을 제공해야한다. 또한, 현재 진행되는 지방정부의 정보공개 평가 대상 집단의 구분이 지역별 혹은 권역별로 이루어져야한다. 이를 통해 정보 개방에 대한 지방정부들간 공간적 상호작용의 효과를 극대화해야한다. 또한 본 연구의 결과를 통해 나온 결정요인들을 바탕으로, 원문공개율이 낮을 것으로 예상되는 지역에 대한 꾸준한 모니터링이 필요하다. 시민들의 참여를 높일 수 있는 데이터 개방을 촉진하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 방안이 고려될 수 있다. 우선, 행정력 규모가 작은 지방정부에 대해 기술적 지원을 하거나 공무원을 재교육하는 등 조직 내부요인을 중심으로 지원하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 데이터 개방에 소요되는 행정력 소요를 효율화하는 방안을 강구해야 한다. 마지막으로 높은 공공데이터 개방 수준을 보이는 지방정부에 대한 지속적인 성공사례 발굴과 성과 확산을 통해 자율적인 개방성 증진 노력이 필요하다.One important underlying condition of a properly functioning local democracy is an informed citizenry, which can be satisfied when the active opening of government information is possible. In many countries, central governments have led initiatives to promote the release of government information and data in public organizations, including local governments. However, despite the central government’s efforts, local governments’ level of openness varies greatly. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on this variation at the local level and attempts to identify the determinants of openness of government information (OGI). A review of the OGI-related literature found several research gaps. Firstly, most OGI studies have emphasized the external influence of local government in explaining the determinants of OGI. Accordingly, overlooked is the importance of the internal force of local governments in OGI. Secondly, the literature recognizes the importance of local citizens but has failed to empirically verify their impact on OGI in local governments. Thirdly, previous literature fails to consider the dynamic policy environment at the local level. The extant literature neglected spatial attributes of local governments and has yet to address the possibility of interactions among neighboring local governments on OGI. To fill these gaps in the literature, this study establishes and verifies a TOEN framework based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. For analysis, the author collected a five-year panel data (2015–2019) of Korean local governments (226 lower-level governments, Sejong, and Jeju). The author measured the OGI, this dissertation’s dependent variable, with the disclosure rate of administrative documents (DRAD) and the number of open data sets. The empirical analysis was performed through two models for each of the two dependent variables. First, comprises technology-related factors (technical capacity, information communication technology (ICT)-related resource, and the technology utilization planning level of government), organization factors (government size, financial autonomy, and political ideology of the government’s leaders), and environmental factors (influence from local politics, a local election year, political competition, influence from local citizens, organized local citizens, and individual citizens, and local legislation). Panel linear regression with the fixed-effects model is employed to verify the influence of these factors. Next, validates the impact of neighboring local governments. includes all the variables in and also uses a panel spatial regression (spatial lag model) with fixed effects as an estimation method. The findings for each dependent variable are summarized as follows. First, in terms of the opening internal administrative activities (DRAD), the political ideology of the government leader, information communication technology (ICT) personnel, financial capability, political competition, citizens’ voice (complaints), related local ordinance, and interaction between adjacent governments were significant. Notably, the DRAD is determined within the relational dynamics between local government and external actors. Local governments raise the openness level when their local political condition is favorable and decrease openness when facing unfavorable political pressure. For example, when political competition with local councils is high, and citizens’ voices are high, DRAD is lowered. These findings show that local governments still exert control over their administrative information and seem to make strategic adjustments according to their political interests. On the other hand, the enactment of the local ordinance related to openness and the influence of neighboring governments positively affected the DRAD. The spatial interaction between local governments regarding the DRAD shows the possibility of a regional spill-over effect on the OGI. Among internal factors, the local government with a progressive government leader and lower financial capability actively discloses their internal administrative documents. As for the opening of public data sets that provide opportunities for citizens to participate, the technical capacity, plan for technology utilization, government size, citizens’ voice, and interaction between neighboring governments were the significant determinants. Unlike the DRAD model, the effects of internal drivers are quite apparent in this model. In particular, the influences of technology-related factors are prominent. The local government with higher technical capacity and higher willingness to utilize technology in the organization are actively opening their public data to the public. Moreover, government size measured with the number of public officials positively affects the opening data. This finding implies that opening public data can accompany a certain level of administrative capacity. The local governments open more data when confronted by more citizens’ voices, interpreted to mean that local governments provide open data to collaboratively address such dissatisfaction employing the local communities’ capability. Similar to the DRAD model, the open data model identified the positive influence of neighboring governments. If local media shared the excellent performance of open data of neighboring governments, local government could be positively stimulated. These results have the following theoretical implications. First, this study conceptualized and measured two dimensions of “open government.” In particular, this dissertation encompasses the core concept of the “old open government” paradigm centered on transparency and right-to-know and the core concept of the “new open government” centered on citizen participation and collaboration. This study investigated the two concepts measured in hard data. Second, this research examined and verified systematic contexts that explain OGI at the local level. Third, the TOEN framework for the local open government, expanded from the TOE framework, filled the research gaps in the open government literature. The TOEN framework contains the influence of local citizens and neighboring governments mentioned in previous studies as limitations or for future study. Fourth, this study illuminated the role of local government as an active actor in opening government information, revealing local governments’ strategic actions and intentional efforts to raise openness of government information. Policy implications derived from the findings are as follows. To increase the level of opening the internal administrative process of local government, consider the following measures can. First, local government needs to introduce stricter management on DRAD. The performance of local governments’ DRAD can be reflected in the annual local government assessment so that they are provided advantages or disadvantages depending on their opening level. Second, the group subject classification to the current local government’s information disclosure evaluation should be by region. Through this, the effect of spatial interaction between local governments on OGI can be maximized. Third, based on the key determinants from the results of this study, the areas need to be continuously monitored where the expectation is that DRAD is low. To promote data openness that can enhance citizen participation, the study suggests the following measures. First, provide technical support or retraining public officials to small local governments. Second, streamline the workload for filtering personal information and copyright issues when opening public data. Third, consistently publicize open data performance and share best practices for open data at the local level.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Backgrounds and Purpose of This Dissertation 1 1.2. The Scope and Method of This Research 7 1.2.1. Research Subject and Scope 7 1.2.2. Research Method 8 1.3. Plan of This Study 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical Backgrounds and Literature Review 11 2.1. Openness of Government Information: Conceptual Definition and Backgrounds 11 2.1.1. Defining Government Information 11 2.1.2. Defining Government Openness: From the Open Government Perspective 14 2.1.3. Definition of Openness of Government Information in This Dissertation 25 2.2. Expected Effects of Openness of Government Information 27 2.2.1. Positive Effects of Openness of Government Information 27 2.2.2. Negative Effects of Openness of Government Information 30 2.3. What Factors Make Governments Open Their Information? 33 2.3.1. Related Theories 33 2.3.2. Prior Studies of Openness of Government Information 46 2.4. Openness of Government Information in Local Government Context 57 2.4.1. Local Government as a Social Actor 57 2.4.2. Institutional Contexts of Korean Local Governments 61 2.4.3. Relatively Neglected Influences on OGI at the Local Level 70 2.5. Summary and Review 75 2.5.1. Summary 75 2.5.2. The Limitations of Prior Studies and Significance of This Research 77 Chapter 3. Methodology 81 3.1. Research Framework 81 3.2. Research Hypotheses 88 3.2.1. Technology-related Factors 88 3.2.2. Organization Factors 91 3.2.3. Environmental Factors 95 3.2.4. Neighboring Government Factor 101 3.3. Measurements and Data Collection 104 3.3.1. Dependent Variables 104 3.3.2. Independent Variables 107 3.3.3. Control Variables 115 3.4. Analysis Plan 119 3.4.1. Model 1: Panel Linear Regression Analysis 119 3.4.2. Model 2: Panel Spatial Regression Analysis 121 Chapter 4. Results 124 4.1. Descriptive Statistics 124 4.1.1. Disclosure Rate of Administrative Documents (DRAD) 145 4.1.2. The Number of Open Data Sets 130 4.1.3. Descriptive Statistics for Independent variables 135 4.2. Determinants of DRAD 143 4.2.1. Results of 143 4.2.2. Results of 148 4.2.3. Summary and Discussion 152 4.3. Determinants of Open Data 156 4.3.1. Results of 156 4.3.2. Results of 160 4.3.3. Summary and Discussion 164 Chapter 5. Conclusion 168 5.1. Summary of This Dissertation 168 5.2. Theoretical and Policy Implications 172 5.3. Limitations and Directions for Future Study 178 Bibliography 180 Appendix 212 Abstract in Korean 214박

Financial Sector Reforms in Vietnam: Selected Issues and Problems

The purpose of this report is to concentrate on performing in-depth analyses of selected issues of prominence and importance for the future success of the reform process rather than describing the current day-to-day operations and procedures in the financial sector. This eclectic approach implies that other important issues such as the development of a payment system, the state and prospects for the inter-bank markets, and the human capital and organisational issues in the state-owned banks are neglected and/or not analysed in depth. They are, however, omissions due to constraints imposed by funds and time available rather than a failure to comprehend their importance. In this context, the present report should thus be viewed as a first step towards establishing an open dialogue about the nature and speed of the financial sector reforms in Vietnam based on recurrent independent assessments of financial sector issues and problems.Financial Sector Reforms, Vietnam