PENGATURAN DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM PEMBOIKOTAN DALAM ANTITRUST LAW AMERIKA SERIKAT

Boycott is one of violations in the competition law that eliminating the freedom of parties to enter the market. The aim of it no other than lessened fair competition. Theoretically, the issue related boycott discuss about the approach utilised by the authority to investigate and enforce boycott and its meaning: whether boycott is vertical or horizontal, or both; and what are the criteria of the violations? Given so few references on boycott, this paper attempts to reveal the regulation and the enforcement of it in the United States. It is aimed as reference to regulate and/or to settle the competition law cases of boycott in Indonesia in the future day. The United States does not specifically state boycott in the Antitrust Law. The United States includes boycott as concerted to deal and refuse to deal as ruled in the Section 1 of Sherman Act

The Reasons of Boycotting Consumers and Supply Chain (case study: India)

Abstract- The article attempts to ascertain the positive and negative reasoning associated with boycotting a consumer and supply chain. Many have been mentioned in various write ups as to how a consumer boycott is organized and what are the features involved in it, but there are numerous reasons in todays marketplace that can either cause a consumer boycott and supply chain boycott to achieve what it intends to or simply fail for not carrying enough background. To successfully accomplish its motive, it becomes imperative to study what makes a boycott successful and what can cause it to be unsuccessful. Though, consumers are important to organize their protest, but not all protests can be instrumental towards a successful boycott, if it is the nature of detriment and the role of media that can either make a boycott, the same can be responsible to break a boycott midway. The article Attempts to ascertain the reasoning of success and failure in boycotting the consumer and supply chain. The study becomes important because many boycotts have been successful, but many went unnoticed in recent years, a sample size of 100 respondents has been surveyed with findings on primary data being discussed systematically. Key words: Boycott, Ethical, detriment, Consumers, Supply Chain, India

Between

This thesis is a collection of poetry based on the farm worker Grape Boycott of 1965-1970. Through personal narrative and formal poetic techniques, the collection presents a migrant family struggling to understand where it belongs in choosing between joining the boycott or not. The Mexican-American family is depicted in relation to struggles of the time, thus emphasizing the historical situation. The collection asks each reader what side of the Grape Boycott he or she would have joined. The poems shed light on the internal struggle of those who both joined and did not join the boycott

The consequences of a hypothetical economic boycott on South Africa

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented November 1977By a boycott we mean the refusal by persons to deal with one or more other persons. The purpose of the boycott is generally to punish, or induce abandonment of a course of action, by economic pressure. Likewise, an international boycott refers to the refusal of citizens of a state to trade, or enter into other economic relations with the citizens of another state, in order to manifest resentment or bring pressure. A boycott is to be distinguished from measures of economic retortion such as reprisals, sanctions, embargoes or blockades, which are initiated by a government to bring pressure upon a state guilty of unfriendly, reprehensible or illegal behaviour. Boycotts, however, merge into such official procedures if they are encouraged or organized by government....As far as South Africa is concerned, there has been a notable tendency for an increase in the calls for an economic boycott.... An articulate demand for an investment boycott was made last year in a joint statement issued by Chief Gatsha Buthelesi and Dr. C.F. Beyers Naude.... It is not the purpose of this paper to assess the validity of the theologians' reasoning. Suffice it to say that social and economic devastation is a most unlikely scenario from which South Africa will emerge as a peaceful multi-racial society. In my opinion it is rapid economic growth, and NOT the enforced abandonment of prosperous international economic links, which is best suited effectively to further the case of the South African Black. Be this as it may, let us look now at the consequences which a hypothetical economic boycott would have for South Africa

State Legislative Responses to the Arab Boycott of Israel

The Arab boycott of Israel confronts the American business community with difficult ethical and political decisions. Six states, led by New York, have quietly enacted anti boycott laws designed to prevent economic trade opportunities with the Middle East from encouraging discrimination within their borders. The laws seek to prohibit the discriminatory effects of the boycott, which indicates that the Arab-Israeli conflict is not limited to military weapons or confined to the nations of the Middle East. More importantly, the states\u27 responses signal a growing awareness that the federal government is unwilling to handle the complex moral, political, economic, and legal issues relating to the Arab boycott of Israel. This note will examine the history and nature of the boycott, the present federal and state statutes designed to thwart its effects, and the state antiboycott statutes and their accompanying practical problems

Democratizing the Economic Sphere: A Case for the Political Boycott

The political boycott, though recently under attack through litigation aimed at compelled disclosure regimes, is a critical tool in constructing American democracy. Defining political boycotts as those refusals by consumers to buy goods or patronize business in order to effect political or social change, this Article is the first paper to place the political boycott at home in all three classic theories underlying the First Amendment: the marketplace of ideas, democracy and self-governance, and self-expression and autonomy. It also places the boycott alongside current campaign finance doctrine via Citizens United v. FEC. Just as money amassed by corporations in the economic marketplace can be used to influence the political, the boycott allows those whose main economic resource is their participation in the market as consumers to aggregate that resource, with other like-minded consumers, to influence the political marketplace. The paper also explores the doctrinal implications of these arguments for ongoing lawsuits challenging compelled disclosure regimes. As-applied challenges to such laws can be granted upon a sufficient evidentiary showing of “threats, harassment, or reprisals.” This Article argues that the boycott cannot be categorized in this way. Especially in the case of initiatives and referenda, the political boycott is a critical tool of petition and should not be considered in this as-applied harassment analysis

Port politics: Indian Seamen, Australian Unions and Indonesian Independence, 1945-47

In September 1945 a boycott of Dutch shipping in Australian waters was called in support of the Indonesian declaration of independence at the end of World War II. Inspired by the Atlantic Charter, a new decolonised world seemed possible. It was working people of Australia, Indonesia and India who co-operated in the boycott and attempt to win freedom not only in Indonesia but also in India. This article compares the Australian accounts of the boycott with Indian perspectives, found in the records of the Indian Seamen's Union in Australia and in oral histories of Australian activists who supported the Indians in this boycott. This comparison demonstrates that the Indian seamen played a substantial role in the practical implementation of the boycott, as it was they, not Indonesians or Australians, who were the main body of seamen obstructing the departures of the black-banned ships. The article asks why the Indian story has been absent in the Australian accounts to date and locates the sources of that marginalisation in the assumptions and stereotypes developed over a century of hierarchical and competitive colonial labour practices. The boycott which seemed to be about the end of colonialism was nevertheless shaped by and remembered within the constraints ofthat colonialism

The American Studies Association boycott resolution, academic freedom and the myth of the institutional boycott

The ‘institutional boycott’ is likely to function as a political test in a hidden form. It would offer exemption from the boycott to those Israelis who are willing or able to disavow their own institutions or funding bodies. 2. An ‘institutional boycott’, even if it did not in fact impact against individuals, would still be a violation of the principles of academic freedom. 3. In practice, the boycott campaign has been, and is likely to continue to be, a campaign for the exclusion of individual scholars who work in Israel, from the global academic community. There is no general principle proposed for boycotting universities in states which have poor human rights records or which receive US aid or on the basis of any other stated criteria; there is only a boycott campaign against Israeli academia. 4. There are also foreseeable likely impacts within the boycotting institutions, or within institutions in which the boycott campaign is strong, which would be distinct from the impact against Israeli academia. The violations of academic freedom which constitute academic boycott are likely to impact in the boycotting as well as the boycotted institutions: a. Academics in boycotting institutions, in subjects which specifically relate to Jewish or Israeli topics, would be cut off from the mainstream of their disciplines, for example Jewish Studies, Israel Studies, some theology, some archaeology, some history; and there is a more generic danger that scholars would be cut off from important colleagues in any discipline. b. People who resist the characterisation of Israel as apartheid or as Nazi or as essentially racist are likely to be characterised by the boycott campaign as apologists for apartheid, Nazism, or racism and treated as such. People who ‘break the boycott’ are likely to be treated as blacklegs or scabs. Social sanctions against opponents of the boycott or ‘strikebreakers’ are likely to impact disproportionately against Jews. It is likely that some Jews will feel themselves to be under particular pressure to state their position on the boycott; it is likely that Jews will be suspected of opposing the boycott if they do not explicitly support it

Retail Store Employees Union Local 1001 v. NLRB (Safeco Title Insurance Co.): Extending Tree Fruits to Protect Picketing of Predominant Product Secondaries

The consumer product boycott is a traditional weapon employed by organized labor in disputes with employers. Picketing to solicit support from the public and other workers is also a traditional labor tactic. The legality of seeking support by combining these two methods--picketing a retailer to urge a consumer boycott of the primary employer\u27s product-has been a source of disagreement among the Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and the National Labor Relations Board. The contested issue is whether picketing to instigate a product boycott on the premises of an employer with whom the union has no dispute-the secondary employer-violates section 8(b)(4)(ii)(B) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), which prohibits threatening, coercing, or restraining any employer in order to force that employer to stop doing business with any other person. Read literally, the statute would prohibit any product picketing at a secondary site. The Supreme Court in NLRB v. Fruit & Vegetable Packers Local 700 (Tree Fruits) has held, however, that product picketing does not threaten, restrain, or coerce the retailer if the picketing requests only that consumers not purchase the struck product and does not ask them to boycott the secondary employer altogether