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    무선 μ „λ ₯ 톡신 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ ν•©ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰ μ΅œλŒ€ν™” 기반 μžμ› ν• λ‹Ή 기법

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 전기·정보곡학뢀, 2020. 8. μ΄μ •μš°.With the explosive growth of smart devices equipped with wireless communication, there have been numerous challenges to untangle for supporting user demands in the next generation of communication networks such as Internet of Things networks. One of prime concerns is to overcome the finite lifespan of networks due to the limited battery capacity. Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been considered as a promising solution for providing self-sustainability to energy-constrained networks. WPT enables users to charge their batteries by collecting energy from a radio-frequency signal transmitted by a dedicated energy source. As a framework to the design of wireless networks with WPT, a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) consisting of a hybrid access-point (H-AP) and multiple users has emerged. A H-AP serves users in a WPCN as a base station as well as delivers energy to users as a dedicated energy source. In a WPCN, users charge their batteries by WPT via downlink, and use the energy for uplink transmission. Due to the scarcity of resources, an efficient design is crucial to exploit the system. To support this, I explore system design and resource allocation for WPCNs, especially in the perspective of throughput performance. In addition, I aim to mitigate severe rate disparity which originates from the doubly near-far problem, an inherent characteristic of a WPCN. To begin with, I discuss a cooperative WPCN, in which a user with good channel condition relays information of a user with bad channel condition to enhance user fairness. The sum-throughput is maximized in the considered network subject to a set of quality of service (QoS) requirements. By analyzing the optimal solution, the conditions under which the WPCN benefits from the cooperation are characterized. Based on the new findings, I propose a novel resource allocation algorithm for sum-throughput maximization, which is helpful to practical use of user cooperation. Secondly, I discuss a multi-antenna WPCN where non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission is employed in the uplink. To address issues regarding adopting NOMA, user clustering exploiting the multi-antenna system is further applied so that the number of users in a single NOMA transmission is reduced. To deal with the difficulty of jointly optimizing cluster-specific beamforming and time/energy resources for sum-throughput maximization, the beamforming is determined first, and then the resources are optimized for given beamforming. A novel algorithm for cluster-specific beamforming design followed by the sum-throughput maximization algorithm is proposed. Lastly, I consider a WPCN assisted by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) which has recently received significant attention for its potential of enhancing wireless communication experience. By employing an IRS in a WPCN,users harvest extra energy, and the signal strength of each user can be elevated. For the considered system model, beamforming at the IRS and resources are optimized to maximize sum-throughput. In particular, both NOMA and orthogonal multiple access are considered for uplink transmission, and the performance comparison between the two multiple access schemes are presented.무선 톡신이 νƒ‘μž¬λœ 슀마트 기기의 폭발적인 μ„±μž₯으둜, 사물 인터넷 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ™€ 같은 μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ 톡신 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ„±λŠ₯을 μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μ—¬λŸ¬ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ£Όμš” 문제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 기기의 ν•œμ •λœ 배터리 μš©λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬κ°€ μ œν•œλœ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆμ—λ§Œ λ™μž‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것을 κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 무선 μ „λ ₯ 전솑은 이와 같이 μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μ œν•œλœ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— 자기 지속성을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν•΄κ²° λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 고렀되고 μžˆλ‹€. μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ€ 무선 μ „λ ₯ 전솑을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ „μš© μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ „μ†‘λ˜λŠ” 무선 주파수 μ‹ ν˜Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κ³  배터리λ₯Ό μΆ©μ „μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 무선 μ „λ ₯ 전솑이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 무선 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ²΄κ³„λ‘œμ„œ 무선 μ „λ ₯ 톡신 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬(Wireless powered communication network, WPCN)κ°€ μ œμ•ˆλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. WPCN은 기지ꡭ과 μ „μš© μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ˜ 역할을 같이 ν•˜λŠ” hybrid access-point (H-AP)와 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬μš©μžλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœλ‹€. WPCNμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ€ ν•˜ν–₯링크λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 무선 μ „λ ₯ μ „μ†‘μœΌλ‘œ 배터리λ₯Ό μΆ©μ „μ‹œν‚€κ³ , 상ν–₯링크λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ ν•΄λ‹Ή μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ 정보λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•œλ‹€. 이 λ•Œ, μžμ›μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ WPCN의 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 효율적인 섀계가 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬, λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” WPCN을 μœ„ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 섀계와 μžμ› 할당에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬, 특히 ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, WPCN의 νŠΉμ§•μΈ 이쀑 근거리 λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœ 높은 μ‚¬μš©μžκ°„ 전솑 속도 격차λ₯Ό μ™„ν™”ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. μš°μ„ , ν˜‘λ ₯ 무선 μ „λ ₯ 톡신 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όμ˜ν•œλ‹€. ν•΄λ‹Ή λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 채널 μƒνƒœκ°€ 쒋은 μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ 그렇지 μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬μš©μžμ˜ 정보λ₯Ό μ€‘κ³„ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚¬μš©μž 곡정성을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ ν•©ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰μ„ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 데 각 μ‚¬μš©μžμ˜ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ ν’ˆμ§ˆ(Quality of service, QoS)을 보μž₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•œλ‹€. μœ„ 문제의 μ΅œμ ν•΄λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬, WPCN이 μ‚¬μš©μž ν˜‘λ ₯ 기법을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 이득을 μ–»λŠ” 쑰건을 밝히고, 이λ₯Ό 기반으둜 μ‚¬μš©μž ν˜‘λ ₯ 기법을 μ‹€μš©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν•©ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μžμ› ν• λ‹Ή μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, 상ν–₯λ§ν¬μ—μ„œ 비직ꡐ 닀쀑 접속(Non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA)이 적용된 닀쀑 μ•ˆν…Œλ‚˜ WPCN에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ λ…Όμ˜ν•œλ‹€. NOMAλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ—¬λŸ¬ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬, 닀쀑 μ•ˆν…Œλ‚˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ‚¬μš©μž ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°λ§ 기법이 μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ 적용되고, 이에 단일 NOMA μ „μ†‘μ˜ μ‚¬μš©μž μˆ˜κ°€ κ°μ†Œν•œλ‹€. ν•©ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°λ³„ λΉ”ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό μ‹œκ°„ 및 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μžμ›μ„ κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ ΅κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, λ¨Όμ € λΉ”ν˜•μ„±μ„ μ„€κ³„ν•œ λ‹€μŒ, ν•΄λ‹Ή λΉ”ν˜•μ„±μ΄ 적용된 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μžμ›μ„ μ΅œμ ν™”ν•œλ‹€. 이에, ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°λ³„ λΉ”ν˜•μ„± 섀계와 ν•©ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, 무선 ν†΅μ‹ μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 후보 기술 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ 지λŠ₯ν˜• λ°˜μ‚¬ ν‘œλ©΄(Intelligent reflecting surface, IRS)이 λ„μž…λœ WPCN을 κ³ λ €ν•œλ‹€. IRSλ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ€ μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 얻을 수 있으며 μ‹ ν˜Έ μ„ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό 높일 수 μžˆλ‹€. 고렀된 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ λͺ¨λΈμ˜ ν•©ν†΅μ‹ λŸ‰μ„ μ΅œλŒ€ν™”ν•˜λ„λ‘ IRS의 λΉ”ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό μžμ›μ„ μ΅œμ ν™”ν•œλ‹€. 특히, 상ν–₯링크λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ NOMA와 직ꡐ 닀쀑 접속이 고렀되고, 두 닀쀑 접속 κΈ°λ²•κ°„μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ 비ꡐ가 이루어진닀.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Related Work 3 1.1.1 Wireless Powered Communication Networks 3 1.1.2 A NOMA-Based WPCN 4 1.2 Contributions and Organization 6 1.3 Notation 8 2 Wireless Powered Communication Networks with User Cooperation 9 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 System model 14 2.3 Problem Formulation 18 2.4 Optimal Solution of QoS Constrained Sum-Throughput Maximization 21 2.4.1 Case (I): Positive z1, z21 and z22 25 2.4.2 Case (II): Positive z1 and z22, and undefinable z21 35 2.5 QoS Constrained Sum-Throughput Maximization Algorithm 40 2.5.1 Proposed Algorithm 41 2.5.2 Computational Complexity Comparison 42 2.6 Sum-Throughput Maximization with Processing Cost 46 2.7 Simulation Results 48 2.8 Conclusion 53 3 NOMA-Based Wireless Powered Communication Networks with User Clustering 56 3.1 Introduction 57 3.1.1 Throughput Maximization in WPCN 58 3.1.2 User Clustering in NOMA 59 3.1.3 Motivation and Contribution 60 3.2 System model 62 3.3 Optimal Beamforming And Resource Allocation 66 3.3.1 Beamforming Design 67 3.3.2 Sum-Throughput Maximization 69 3.3.3 TDMA-based WPCN with Cluster-specific Beamforming 76 3.4 Simulation Results 79 3.5 Conclusion 87 4 IRS-Assisted Wireless Powered Communication Networks: Comparison of NOMA and OMA 89 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 System Model 91 4.2.1 NOMA-based WPCN 92 4.2.2 OMA-based WPCN 94 4.3 Sum-Throughput Maximization 94 4.3.1 NOMA-based WPCN with throughput constraints 95 4.3.2 OMA-based WPCN with throughput constraints 98 4.4 Simulation Results 99 4.5 Conclusion 102 5 Conclusion 106 5.1 Summary 106 5.2 Future directions 107 Abstract (In Korean) 117 κ°μ‚¬μ˜ κΈ€ 119Docto
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