Holographic Pepper’s Ghost: Upright Virtual-Image Screen Realized by Holographic Mirror

A holographic mirror is a reflection-type holographic optical element that works as an off-axis mirror. It realizes an upright see-through screen serving as a virtual-image display and virtual camera. Such screen enables to realize virtual-image-based attractive applications like Pepper’s ghost only with a thin optical system. This chapter describes the concept of a holographic-mirror-based virtual-image display and virtual camera, an experimental method for exposing the holographic mirror based on holographic printing, methods for dispersion compensation, and experimental results for the proposed virtual-image display and camera

Waveguide-Type Head-Mounted Display System for AR Application

Currently, a lot of institutes and industries are working on the development of the virtual reality and augmented reality techniques, and these techniques have been recognized as the determination for the direction of the three-dimensional display development in the near future. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the design and application of several wearable head-mounted display (HMD) systems with the waveguide structure using the in- and out-couplers which are fabricated by the diffractive optical elements or holographic volume gratings. Although the structure is simple, the waveguide-type HMDs are very efficient, especially in the practical applications, especially in the augmented reality applications, which make the device light-weighted. In addition, we reviewed the existing major head-mounted display and augmented reality systems

Holographic Optical Elements and Application

Holographic optical element has a high diffraction efficiency and a narrow-band frequency characteristic, and it has a characteristic that is able to implement several features in a single flat device. It is widely applied in various fields. In this chapter, the principle and characteristics of the holographic optical elements are described in detail, and few typical holographic optical element-based applications, such as head-mounted display, lens array, and solar concentrator, are introduced. Finally, the futuristic research concepts for holographic optical element-based applications and contents are discussed

Exploring the Potential of 3D Visualization Techniques for Usage in Collaborative Design

Best practice for collaborative design demands good interaction between its collaborators. The capacity to share common knowledge about design models at hand is a basic requirement. With current advancing technologies gathering collective knowledge is more straightforward, as the dialog between experts can be supported better. The potential for 3D visualization techniques to become the right support tool for collaborative design is explored. Special attention is put on the possible usage for remote collaboration. The opportunities for current state-of-the-art visualization techniques from stereoscopic vision to holographic displays are researched. A classification of the various systems is explored with respect to their tangible usage for augmented reality. Appropriate interaction methods can be selected based on the usage scenario

홀로그래픽 프린터를 이용한 증강현실 디스플레이의 맞춤형 홀로그래픽 광학 소자 제작

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 이병호.This dissertation presents the studies on the design and fabrication method of a holographic optical element (HOE) for augmented reality (AR) near-eye display (NED) by using a holographic printing technique. The studies enable us to manufacture HOEs based on the digitalized design process and allow more freedom to design HOEs, beyond the conventional HOE manufacturing process. The manufactured HOE can play the role of the image combiner of the AR NED and can be designed precisely according to each users distinctive characteristics. The prototype of the HOE printer is presented and the structure is analyzed. The HOE printer can record a hogel with 1900 × 1900 pixels in 1 mm2 and can give complex wavefront information via using an amplitude SLM and sideband filtering technique. The author adopts an index-matching frame with a passive optical isolator, which consists of quarter waveplates and linear polarizers, to eliminate the internal reflection noise. With the HOE printer, a lens HOE with field of view (FOV) 50° is manufactured, and a holographic AR NED is implemented with the lens HOE. The experimental result shows the lens HOE and the HOE printer work properly as our purpose. Using the prototype HOE printer, the author proposes two types of novel AR NEDs. First, the author suggests a customized HOE for an eye-box extended holographic AR NED. The limitation of the conventional holographic AR NED is that the eye-box becomes very narrow when large FOV is implemented due to the limited spatial bandwidth product. By using the proposed HOE printer, the eye-box can be extended along with both horizontal and vertical directions without any mechanical scanning devices. Also, the position of the extended eye-box can be designed to fit with the movement of the eye pupil. This prevents the vignetting effect due to the eye-box mismatch. Second, the author presents a freeform mirror array (FMA) HOE and implement a retinal projection AR NED with the HOE. By using the FMA HOE, the holographic mirrors no longer block the sight of the observer. Also, the freeform phase function allows the FMA HOE to float the display to the desired location without any additional optics, such as a lens. In this way, a wide depth of field and extended eye-box retinal projection AR NED with a compact form factor is implemented. It is expected that this dissertation can help to develop a customized AR NED based on the customers needs. Furthermore, it is believed that this work can show new possibilities for research on the design and fabrication of HOEs.본 박사학위 논문에서는 근안 증강현실 디스플레이의 홀로그래픽 영상 결합 소자를 홀로그래픽 프린팅 기술을 이용하여 설계 및 제작하는 방법에 대하여 논한다. 이를 통하여 기존의 아날로그 방법에 의존한 홀로그래픽 광학 소자 제작 기법을 디지털화 할 수 있다. 또한 홀로그래픽 광학 소자의 설계 자유도가 증가하여 사용자 특징에 따른 근안 증강현실 디스플레이의 맞춤형 영상 결합 소자를 제작할 수 있다. 이 박사학위 논문에서는 홀로그래픽 광학 소자 프린터의 프로토타입을 제작 및 소개한다. 해당 프로토타입은 1 mm2의 면적 안에 1900 × 1900 복소 광파 정보를 표현 할 수 있다. 광파의 복소 변조를 위하여 진폭 변조 공간광변조를 이용한 sideband filtering 기법이 사용된다. 또한 굴절률이 보상된 프레임에 1/4 파장판 및 선형 편광자를 이용한 수동 광분리소자를 적용하여 홀로그래픽 광학 소자를 기록 할 때 발생하는 내부 반사 노이즈를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있다. 이와 같은 홀로그래픽 프린터의 프로토타입이 의도한 대로 제작되었음을 검증하기 위하여 홀로그래픽 광학 소자 렌즈를 제작 및, 해당 홀로그래픽 광학 소자 렌즈가 근안 홀로그래픽 증강현실 디스플레이의 영상 결합 소자로 사용될 수 있음을 보인다. 제작된 홀로그래픽 광학 소자 프린터를 이용하여 두 가지의 새로운 근안 증강현실 디스플레이를 제안한다. 첫 번째는 시청영역이 증가한 근안 홀로그래픽 증강현실 디스플레이로, 공간대역폭에 의하여 제한된 시청 영역을 수직 및 수평 방향으로 동시에 확장할 수 있다. 또한 확장된 시청 영역은 사용자의 안구 길이 및 회전 각도에 맞춰 설계되어 시청영역 불일치로 인한 비네팅 등의 이미지 왜곡을 최소화한다. 마지막으로 망막투사 형태의 근안 증강현실 디스플레이에 사용될 수 있는 프리폼 거울 어레이 홀로그래픽 광학 소자를 제안한다. 이를 이용하여, 기존 거울 어레이 기반의 망막투사 디스플레이의 문제점 중 하나인 거울이 시야를 가리는 문제를 해결한다. 또한 홀로그래픽 거울 배열에 위상 변조 패턴을 기록하여 추가적인 렌즈 등의 광학계 없이 원하는 깊이에 디스플레이 평면을 띄울 수 있게 된다. 이를 이용하여 작은 폼팩터의 넓은 깊이 표현 범위를 지니는 망막투사형 근안 증강현실 디스플레이를 구현한다. 본 박사학위 논문의 결과는 사용자의 필요에 기반한 맞춤형 근안 증강현실 디스플레이의 개발에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. 나아가, 본 연구는 홀로그래픽 광학 소자의 설계와 제작에 관한 연구의 새로운 가능성을 보여줄 것으로 기대된다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Image combiners of augmented reality near-eye display 1 1.2 Motivation and purpose of this dissertation 8 1.3 Scope and organization 10 2 Holographic optical element printer 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Overview of the prototype of holographic optical element printer 16 2.3 Analysis of the signal path 21 2.4 Considerations in designing an HOE 27 2.5 Removal of the internal reflection noise using passive optical isolator 32 2.6 Manufacturing customized lens holographic optical element 37 2.7 Discussion 41 2.7.1 HOE printer to modulate both signal and reference beams 41 2.7.2 The term "hogel" used in this dissertation 41 2.8 Summary 44 3 Holographically customized optical combiner for eye-box extended near-eye display 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Proposed method and its implementation 51 3.3 Implemented prototype 57 3.4 Experiments and results 61 3.5 Discussion 63 3.5.1 Vignetting effect from mismatched pupil position along axial direction 63 3.5.2 Diffraction efficiency simulation according to incident angle 65 3.6 Summary 67 4 Holographically printed freeform mirror array for augmented reality near-eye display 68 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Retinal projection NED based on small aperture array 70 4.3 Proposed method 72 4.4 Design method of FMA HOE 75 4.4.1 Depth of field analysis 75 4.4.2 The size of the mirror 77 4.4.3 The distance between the mirrors 79 4.5 Experiments and results 82 4.6 Discussion 86 4.6.1 Eye-box of the system via the angular selectivity of the HOE 86 4.7 Summary 89 5 Conclusion 90 Appendix 104 Abstract (In Korean) 105Docto

비등방성 광학 소자를 이용한 광 시야각 근안 디스플레이

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2019. 2. 이병호.Near-eye display is considered as a promising display technique to realize augmented reality by virtue of its high sense of immersion and user-friendly interface. Among the important performances of near-eye display, a field of view is the most crucial factor for providing a seamless and immersive experience for augmented reality. In this dissertation, a transmissive eyepiece is devised instead of a conventional reflective eyepiece and it is discussed how to widen the field of view without loss of additional system performance. In order to realize the transmissive eyepiece, the eyepiece should operate lens to virtual information and glass to real-world scene. Polarization multiplexing technique is used to implement the multi-functional optical element, and anisotropic optical elements are used as material for multi-functional optical element. To demonstrate the proposed idea, an index-matched anisotropic crystal lens has been presented that reacts differently depending on polarization. With the combination of isotropic material and anisotropic crystal, the index-matched anisotropic crystal lens can be the transmissive eyepiece and achieve the large field of view. Despite the large field of view by the index-matched anisotropic crystal lens, many problems including form factor still remain to be solved. In order to overcome the limitations of conventional optics, a metasurface is adopted to the augmented reality application. With a stunning optical performance of the metasurface, a see-through metasurface lens is proposed and designed for implementing wide field of view near-eye display. The proposed novel eyepieces are expected to be an initiative study not only improving the specification of the existing near-eye display but opening the way for a next generation near-eye display.근안 디스플레이는 높은 몰입감과 사용자 친화적인 인터페이스로 인해 증강 현실을 구현하는 가장 효과적인 기술로 최근 활발한 연구가 계속되고 있다. 이러한 근안 디스플레이의 중요한 성능 중 시야각은 매끄럽고 몰입감 있는 경험을 사용자에게 전해줌으로써 가장 중요한 광학적 평가지표 중에 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 반사형 아이피스 (eyepiece) 를 대신하는 투과형 아이피스를 제안한다. 이러한 투과형 아이피스를 구현하기 위해서는 외부 정보에 대해서는 투명한 유리와 같이 투과시키며, 동시에 가상 정보는 렌즈로 작동하여 먼 거리에 띄울 수 있는 광학소자를 개발하여야 한다. 이러한 투과형 아이피스를 구현하기 위해서 편광에 따라 다르게 반응하는 굴절률 정합 이방성 결정 렌즈 (index-matched anisotropic crystal lens) 를 제안하였다. 이방성 결정 구조 (anisotropic crystal)로 이루어진 렌즈와 이를 둘러싼 등방성 물질 (isotropic crytal) 로 이루어진 굴절률 정합 이방성 결정 렌즈는 편광에 따라 다르게 작동한다. 이러한 투과형 아이피스는 기존의 근안 디스플레이에 비해 넓은 시야각을 제공할 수 있지만 이방성 결정 구조의 낮은 굴절률 차이로 인해 시스템의 크기가 커지는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 개선하기 위해 메타 표면을 증강 현실 디스플레이 분야에 적용하였다. 메타 표면의 기존 광학 소자를 능가하는 놀라운 광학 성능을 이용하여 넓은 시야각을 가지는 근안 디스플레이를 구현하기 위해 투명 메타 렌즈를 제안하였다. 편광에 따라 다르게 반응하는 투명 메타렌즈는 넓은 시야각과 경량화 시스템 구현이 가능하며 이를 입증하기 위해 투명 메타렌즈의 설계 방법 뿐 아니라 실제 구현을 통한 가능성을 입증하였다. 이러한 새로운 아이피스에 대한 개념은 기존의 근안 디스플레이의 사양 개선에 유용하게 사용될 뿐 아니라 차세대 근안 디스플레이를 위한 선도적인 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.Abstract Contents List of Tables List of Figures Near-eye displays with wide field of view using anisotropic optical elements Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Near-eye displays for augmented reality 1.2 Optical performances of near-eye display 1.3 State-of-the-arts of near-eye display 1.4 Motivation and contribution of this dissertation Chapter 2 Transmissive eyepiece for wide field of view near-eye display 2.1 Transmissive eyepiece for near-eye display Chapter 3 Near-eye display using index-matched anisotropic crystal lens 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Index-matched anisotropic crystal lens 3.2.1 Principle of the index-matched anisotropic crystal lens 3.2.2 Aberration analysis of index-matched anisotropic crystal lens 3.2.3 Implementation 3.3 Near-eye displays using index-matched anisotropic crystal lens 3.3.1 Near-eye display using index-matched anisotropic crystal lens 3.3.2 Flat panel type near-eye display using IMACL 3.3.3 Polarization property of transparent screen 3.4 Conclusion Chapter 4 Near-eye display using metasurface lens 4.1 Introduction 4.2 See-through metasurface lens 4.2.1 Metasurface lens 4.3 Full-color near-eye display using metasurface lens 4.3.1 Full-color near-eye display using metasurface lens 4.3.2 Holographic near-eye display using metasurface lens for aberration compensation 4.4 Conclusion Chapter 5 Conclusion Bibliography AppendixDocto

Optics and lasers: A compilation

A number of innovative devices and techniques in optics and related fields were presented. The following areas were covered: advances in laser and holography technology, articles on spectroscopy and general optics, new information in the area of photography