The Metabolism of Islands

This book makes the case for why we should care about islands and their sustainability. Islands are hotspots of biocultural diversity and home to 600 million people that depend on one-sixth of the earth’s total area, including the surrounding oceans, for their subsistence. Today, they are at the frontlines of climate change and face an existential crisis. Islands are, however, potential “hubs of innovation” that are uniquely positioned to be leaders in sustainability and climate action. This volume argues that a full-fledged program on “island industrial ecology” is urgently needed, with the aim of offering policy-relevant insights and strategies to sustain small islands in an era of global environmental change. The nine contributions in this volume cover a wide range of applications of socio-metabolic research, from flow accounts to stock analysis and their relationship to services in space and time. They offer insights into how reconfiguring patterns of resource use will allow island governments to build resilience and adapt to the challenges of climate change

PICES Press, Vol. 22, No. 1, Winter 2014

2013 PICES Science: A Note from the Science Board Chairman (pp. 1-5); 2013 PICES Awards (pp. 6-8); Workshop on “Comparison of Size-based and Species-based Ecosystem Models” (pp.9-11); Workshop on “Identifying Mechanisms Linking Physical Climate and Ecosystem Change” (pp. 12-14); Navigating Change: Well-being, Values and the Management of Marine Social-Ecological Systems (pp. 15-19); 8th International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions (pp. 20-21); Second Regional Climate Modeling Workshop (pp. 22-23); PICES Summer School on “Ocean Observing Systems and Ecosystem Monitoring” (pp. 24-27); NOWPAP–PICES Joint Training Course on “Remote Sensing Data Analysis” (pp. 28-29); 6th SOLAS Summer School (pp. 30-32); News of the Northeast Pacific Ocean (pp. 33-35); The Bering Sea: Current Status and Recent Trends (pp. 36-39); The State of the Western North Pacific in the First Half of 2013 (pp. 40-42); New Chairmen in PICES (pp. 43-48); News from the PICES Secretariat (pp. 49-52

Native Hawaiian Well-Being at Hawaiʻi Community College, An Initiative for Academic Success

This thesis investigates the relationship between a Native Hawaiian sense of well-being and student educational attainment at Hawaiʻi Community College in Hilo, Hawaiʻi. It is written in an indigenous, Native Hawaiian framework, which includes a Pono Hawaiʻi research methodology. In order for the reader to understand the important context in which Native Hawaiian sense of well-being and academic success intersects, the history of the people and their land must be understood. Told through a very personal lens and indigenous narrative format, the story begins with a look at Native Hawaiian traditions of teaching and learning and the impact of historical events and introduction of Western educational ideology on the community. It details the influence of American missionaries and the introduction of Christian religion on Hawaiian society. The abrupt changes in societal structure marked first by the abolishment of an ancient Kapu system of laws, which had governed society for millennia, and the introduction of Western structures of governance in the form of a constitutional monarchy are investigated. The Hawaiian practices of Aʻo Aku, Aʻo Mai, Teaching and Learning, were severely impacted as American missionaries introduced the new writing system. I investigate the affect of major changes in the culture and community brought about by the introduction of the new written Hawaiian language and accompanied by a foreign Western educational framework. The impact of the laws banning the teaching and speaking of Hawaiian in the public schools and playgrounds as well as the laws outlawing the dancing of hula in public had a severe and lasting effect on the community which continues to affect Native Hawaiians’ sense of well-being. There is further discussion on the lasting effect of institutional barriers to success for Native Hawaiians who continue to languish behind their peers in educational attainment in public schools to this day. A discussion of Native Hawaiian identity is introduced which sets the foundation for the genealogy of Native Hawaiian well-being theory. A survey based on research on Native Hawaiian Well-Being was employed at the college and the student participants’ educational records are compared to determine if there are potential indicators relating to success. The results of the survey are discussed and analyzed. Excerpts from kūkākūkā sessions with students, interviews conducted in an indigenous, Hawaiian framework of exchange, are incorporated into each analysis to provide context to the questions and responses. Strategies which should be employed to support educational success for Native Hawaiians at the tertiary institution are discussed. Finally, a new model of well being, which clarifies the importance of the relationship of Native Hawaiians to the ʻāina or land, provides a stronger understanding of our worldview in hopes that this will empower educators and researchers to continue their work for the betterment of the lāhui, the Hawaiian Nation

Female Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Reproductive Class and Male-Female Interactions during the Breeding Season

This study examined whether female reproductive class (i.e., presence or absence of a calf) in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) affects female behavior and male-female interactions on the Hawaiian breeding grounds. From 2003-2008, 295 female-calf groups (with or without a male escort) and 256 female no-calf groups (with a male) were observed. Forty-one female no-calf groups were confirmed male-female pairs by genetic sexing or photo-identification. Focal follows of 36 male-female pairs and 50 female-calf groups (29 escorted and 21 unescorted female-calf groups) were analyzed for time budget and movement estimates. Relative fluke size (fluke photogrammetry, n=30) and sighting histories (n=9) were used to estimate age-class for 39 individuals within focal follows. Escorted female-calf groups spent significantly more time traveling and less time resting than male-female pairs and unescorted female-calf groups. Indeed unescorted female-calf groups had time budgets more similar to male-female pairs than female-calf groups with a male. Male behavior and relative body size also affected female behavior and movement patterns: lone males chased females with calves significantly more than females without calves. Fluke sizes of mothers who were chased were significantly smaller than mothers not chased, and the chasing males tended to have smaller flukes (i.e., younger age-class) than males that did not chase. I also conducted 34 playback experiments (broadcasting sounds of competitive males) with 14 female no-calf groups (male-female pairs) and 20 female-calf groups (11 escorted and 9 unescorted female-calf groups). Results of playback trials indicated that females with calves were significantly more likely to avoid playbacks of sounds produced by adult males than females without calves. Overall, the range and variability of female behavior and movement patterns, especially around males, was striking. Results indicate that female reproductive class is a key factor in determining how females respond and interact with males during the breeding season, but also suggest that male-female interactions during the breeding season are a reflection of a combination of factors, beginning with female reproductive class, but also including costs and benefits of specific male escorts, stage of the reproductive cycle, relative body size and/or age-class. The electronic version of this dissertation is freely available through OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, http://etd.ohiolink.edu/