Thirty Years on, Armenian Earthquake Survivors Still Waiting to Be Rehoused

On December 7th, 1988, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 struck near the Armenian town of Spitak, destroying every building in the municipality. With the effects of the quake felt across the north of the country, much of Gyumri, the ancient second city of Armenia some thirty miles away was leveled. As this occurred during Soviet times, the death toll was never confirmed, estimates ranging between 25,000 and 55,000, whilst over half a million were made homeless. With temperatures plummeting to -12°C, many sought refuge in shipping containers. As of 2018, according to Vahan Toumasyan, President of the Shirak Centre NGO, there were still 1,800 inhabited containers in Gyumri alone, with no access to power or running water

中国の外資直接投資導入政策と成果(Ⅰ) : 30年の回顧と総括

まえがき　1. 対外開放の実験的準備期(1979～84年)における外資直接投資導入　1.1 世界政治経済に対する認識の変化と国民経済建設路線の転換　1.1.1 世界政治経済に対する認識の変化　1.1.2 新たな対外経済論の展開　1.2 改革・開放当初期における外資直接投資導入　1.2.1 外資直接投資導入管理体制の形成　1.2.2 外資直接投資導入の概況　1.2.3 外資直接投資導入に関する法的枠組の形成　1.2.4 外資直接投資導入の実

Romalpa thirty years on – still an enigma?

Original article can be found at: http://www.herts.ac.uk/courses/schools-of-study/law/hertfordshire-law-journal/home.cfmPeer reviewe

Theories, models and structures: thirty years on

Thirty years after the conference that gave rise to The Structure of Scientific Theories, there is renewed interest in the nature of theories and models. However, certain crucial issues from thirty years ago are reprised in current discussions; specifically: whether the diversity of models in the science can be captured by some unitary account; and whether the temporal dimension of scientific practice can be represented by such an account. After reviewing recent developments we suggest that these issues can be accommodated within the partial structures formulation of the semantic or model-theoretic approach

中国の外資直接投資導入政策と成果(Ⅱ) : 30年の回顧と総括

目次 まえがき 1.対外開放の実験的準備期(1979-84年)における外資直接投資導入 1.1世界政治経済に対する認識の変化と国民経済建設路線の転換 1.2改革・開放当初期における外資直接投資導入(以上第33巻第1号) 2.外資導入の初歩的成長段階(1985-91年)における外資直接投資導入 2.1経済体制改革の深化と対外開放の拡大 2.2外資直接投資導入に関する法整備の完備と優遇政策の拡大 2.3外資直接投資導入の実態(以上本号

The Credibility Problem Revisited: Thirty Years on from Kydland and Prescott

Macroeconomics research has changed profoundly since the Kydland-Prescott seminal paper. In order to address the Lucas Critique, modelling now is based on microfoundations treating agents as rational utility optimizers. Bayesian estimation has produced models which are more data consistent than those based simply on calibration. With micro-foundations and new linear-quadratic techniques, normative policy based on welfare analysis is now possible. In the open economy, policy involves a ‘game’ with policymakers and private institutions or private individuals as players. This paper attempts to reassess the Kydland-Prescott contribution in the light of these developments.Monetary rules, commitment, discretion, open economy, coordination gains.

Thirty years of phosphorus fertilizer on Irish Pastures.

End of Project ReportThirty years of research involving phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates (0, 15 and 30 kg/ha/yr) on pastures has been completed. Beef performance on pasture at relatively low and high stocking rates was determined by weighing beef animals (mean wt = 260kg) at the beginning and end of each grazing season for 18 years. Soil samples were taken at various times and at various depths. Live weight gain (LWG) was greatest at the high stocking rate (HSR) compared to the low stocking rate (LSR). LWG maximised at 15 kg P/ha. Maximum beef production took place with a soil test of 6 mg P/l using the Morgan’s procedure. Most of the soil P and fertiliser P, as measured by both the Morgan’s and Total P procedures, were in the top 10cm. However, a significant portion moved below that to the 10-20 cm layer, as determined by both Total and Morgan’s P in both P treatments. Soil P and fertiliser P as determined by the Morgan’s procedure moved into the 20-40 cm layer but no lower. Work done on the 30 kg/ha P treatment and on another site at Johnstown Castle showed that significant amounts of P moved off the plot with water in overland flow and the loss was related to the soil test (Morgan’s) for P. The amount of P lost per unit of Morgan’s was calculated to be 175g with a Morgan’s soil test of 4 mg P/l and 281g with a soil test of 17 mg P/l. A mass balance procedure was attempted for the 30 years’ work to determine how much P was exported in beef, lost in overland flow or retained in the soil. This showed that fertilising beyond 15 kg/ha gave no increase in beef production and that the extra P was found in the soil, or lost in overland flow. When 15kg P/ha was applied annually for 30 years it was estimated that 20% and 4% of P applied was removed in beef or lost in overland flow, respectively. It was calculated that 76% of the P applied stayed in the soil