Modelling early modern human dispersal patterns through the Wallacean Archipelago

Archaeological records from Australia provide the earliest, indirect evidence for maritime crossings by early modern humans anywhere in the world. As the island archipelago of Wallacea has never been connected to the continental landmasses of Sunda in the west (mainland Southeast Asia) or Sahul in the east (Australia and New Guinea), water crossings through this region were essential for the human colonisation of Australia. The archaeological record for human movement in Wallacea is still a work in progress, however, and none of the evidence pre-dates the archaeological record from Sahul. In 1977 the American anthropologist Joseph B. Birdsell suggested two main initial routes from Sunda to Sahul, a northern route with a landing in New Guinea, and a southern route landing in northern Australia. Models of this significant colonisation event have since been suggested, however, there has been little consensus about which model describes the most parsimonious pathway for first landfall in Sahul. Likewise, later movements between islands is still in question. The dearth of sampled islands and sites in Wallacea has made testing movement models against archaeological evidence difficult, if not impossible. This PhD attempted to examine inter-island movements using a three-pronged approach: 1) archaeological survey and excavation of Wallacean sites, combined with review and revision of the archaeological literature, to identify the timings of early human occupation in the region and enlarge the number of archaeological sample points; 2) reconstructing the palaeogeography of the Wallacean archipelago for the likely periods of initial human colonisation, and through this, model island connectivity and develop a model for human movement through the region; and 3) identify proxy records of human movement between islands to provide information on networks of connection between prehistoric island communities, and in doing so test the reliability of the model outcomes. This study provides a much needed up date to Birdsell's model from over 40 years ago, with an innovative use of geographic information systems to digitise and expand upon the reconstructions of palaeo-Wallacea and the differing variables which would have impacted early modern human movements through the region. The resulting reconstructions and models identified a multitude of now-submerged islands throughout Wallacea which would have significantly increased the connectivity between islands in the prehistoric archipelago, produced the first reconstructions of palaeo-hydrology for the region, developed two measures of intervisibility between islands and in applying these calculations to the Wallacean archipelago, identified ca. 65 ka and ca. 45 ka as the periods of likely human arrival with the greatest intervisibility. This study is also the first to apply least-cost modelling techniques to sea travel, enabling the model to be expanded across the Wallacean archipelago for the first time. Models and palaeogeographic reconstructions constructed herein provide overwhelming support for an initial northern route through Wallacea, with a landing on the modern island of Misool, near the Papuan Bird's Head. Extensive archaeological research on islands of the southern route has so far failed to recover any dates which pre-date those for Sahul, and thus support this inference. Human translocations of cuscus (Phalangeridae) throughout Wallacea found good support for a humanly-assisted introduction from Papua to Timor ca. 3ka, supporting movement between these islands by at least the mid-Holocene

SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION PATTERN DUE TO COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN KAMPONG HOUSE

ABSTRACT Kampung houses are houses in kampung area of the city. Kampung House oftenly transformed into others use as urban dynamics. One of the transfomation is related to the commercial activities addition by the house owner. It make house with full private space become into mixused house with more public spaces or completely changed into full public commercial building. This study investigate the spatial transformation pattern of the kampung houses due to their commercial activities addition. Site observations, interviews and questionnaires were performed to study the spatial transformation. This study found that in kampung houses, the spatial transformation pattern was depend on type of commercial activities and owner perceptions, and there are several steps of the spatial transformation related the commercial activity addition. Keywords: spatial transformation pattern; commercial activity; owner perception, kampung house; adaptabilit

Urban Studies

This work contains a selection of papers from the International Conference on Urban Studies (ICUS 2017) and is a bi-annual periodical publication containing articles on urban cultural studies based on the international conference organized by the Faculty of Humanities at the Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia. This publication contains studies on issues that become phenomena in urban life, including linguistics, literary, identity, gender, architecture, media, locality, globalization, the dynamics of urban society and culture, and urban history

5th Global Summit of GADRI: Engaging Sciences with Action

31 August to 1 September 2021, Virtual Intercontinental Conferenc

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on ASEAN (IC-ASEAN) "Towards a better ASEAN", September 5-6, 2019; Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Since the establishment of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) as a regional organization in 1967, it has played a significant role most importantly related to regional affairs and has also given notable contribution to the international arena. Undisputedly, ASEAN has been successfully fostering good relations among its members since its foundation. After completing the first period of its vision of an integrated regional community (ASEAN Community 2015), ASEAN is now preparing for the launch of ASEAN Community Vision 2025, supported by ASEAN Connectivity 2025. As a study center focusing primarily and solely on ASEAN, in collaboration with the Directorate General of ASEAN Cooperation, Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Center of ASEAN Studies Andalas University, will be hosting the International Conference on ASEAN (IC-ASEAN) as a platform to evaluate past actions, to discuss present issues, and to provide an outlook for the future of ASEAN. Aims and Scope The International Conference on ASEAN (IC-ASEAN) is a multidisciplinary conference which covers a broad range of area. The sub theme will be divided into two large categories focusing on ASEAN Community 2015 and 2025 also ASEAN Connectivity 2025. The sub theme related to ASEAN Community will cover issues related to the three pillars (Political-security Community, Economic Community and Social-cultural Community). Meanwhile the ASEAN Connectivity sub theme will include issues within the key areas (Physical Connectivity, Institutional Connectivity and People-to-people Connectivity

Mid- to late Holocene climate variability of the Maritime Continent

The Maritime Continent is located within the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) which is described as the largest area of warm sea surface temperatures with the highest rainfall on Earth. Serving as the largest source of atmospheric water vapor and latent heat, it is of crucial importance to global atmospheric and hydrologic circulation. The regional climate is controlled by large-scale phenomena such as the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system as well as climate anomalies like the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and or oscillations such as El NiAAA /-o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Due to the complex topography of the Maritime Continent and very local air-sea interactions, the environmental influence of these phenomena strongly varies across the region today and may have done so during the past. Environmental reconstructions have been conducted by using proxy records from speleothems, corals as well as marine and lacustrine sediments revealing a complex history of climate variations of the Maritime Continent during the Holocene. Mid-to late Holocene sea surface conditions were reconstructed by using trace elements and stable isotopes as well as relative abundances of planktic foraminifera. Additionally, the amount, composition and grain size distribution of bulk sediment was investigated. Based on multi-proxy reconstructions from four marine sediment cores from western, central, and southern Indonesia, this thesis outlines variations in rainfall and upper water column conditions in response to large-scale climate phenomena as the IOD, the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system and ENSO from mid- to late Holocene. In the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (western Indonesia), thermocline temperatures, the thermal gradient of the upper ocean as well as the relative abundances of planktic foraminifera reveal a deeper thermocline between 8 and 3 ka and an uplift of the thermocline for the past 3 ka off western Sumatra. The recorded shoaling of the thermocline and the deduced increased occurrence of upwelling likely results from a more-positive IOD-like mean state of the Indian Ocean during the late Holocene. A transient Holocene climate model simulation reproduces anomalous surface easterly winds over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean that support the interpretation of more positive IOD-like mean state during the late Holocene compared to the mid-Holocene. In the Makassar Strait (central Indonesia) cooler and fresher sea surface coincide with an increase in terrigenous runoff from eastern Borneo and point to an intensified AustralianIndonesian summer monsoon (AISM) during the late Holocene. Contemporaneously, periods Abstract V characterized by freshwater pulses recorded off eastern Borneo might be related to a strengthened ENSO with intensified El NiAAA /-o and La NiAAA /-a conditions. Sediment composition within the Java Sea (southern Indonesia) suggest variations in precipitation in southern Borneo and eastern Java in response to the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system and ENSO. Drier conditions in southern Borneo but relatively unchanged rainfall in Java around 2 ka indicate more frequent and/or intensified El NiAAA /-o events which are masked by an intensified AISM in Java. Present-day variations in rainfall over Java reveal a close relationship of monsoonal rainfall to northern high latitude climate variations which may have persist also during the past and contributed to the late Holocene intensification of the AISM over the Maritime continent

Exploring New Horizons and Challenges for Social Studies in a New Normal

The new standards and changes exist in social science studies. Covid 19, especially in Indonesia, at the end of 2019, has an impact on changes in every sector of life. This change is a form of community adaptation. Therefore, this conference aims to explore theoretical and practical developments of the social sciences, to build academic networks while gathering academics from various research institutes and universities. This book provides the new standard and encourages many thoughts in theoretical and empirical studies in the social field. The scope that can be generated in this standard includes patterns, opportunities, and challenges in social science, learning to new standards, learning innovation, and implementing new learning standards in Indonesia, which was adopted in the form of the Merdeka Belajar program. The study results will fill the gaps in knowledge in the new social life and social science. Therefore, this book aims to mediate the researchers in the same field to discuss and find solutions to current issues in the social field and build cooperation and synergy in creative ideas to work together to create joint research. This book will be interesting to students, scholars, and practitioners who have a deep concern in social science. It is futuristic with a lot of practical insights for the students, faculty, and practitioners. Since the contributors are from across the globe, it is fascinating to see the global benchmarks

Exploring New Horizons and Challenges for Social Studies in a New Normal

The new standards and changes exist in social science studies. Covid 19, especially in Indonesia, at the end of 2019, has an impact on changes in every sector of life. This change is a form of community adaptation. Therefore, this conference aims to explore theoretical and practical developments of the social sciences, to build academic networks while gathering academics from various research institutes and universities. This book provides the new standard and encourages many thoughts in theoretical and empirical studies in the social field. The scope that can be generated in this standard includes patterns, opportunities, and challenges in social science, learning to new standards, learning innovation, and implementing new learning standards in Indonesia, which was adopted in the form of the Merdeka Belajar program. The study results will fill the gaps in knowledge in the new social life and social science. Therefore, this book aims to mediate the researchers in the same field to discuss and find solutions to current issues in the social field and build cooperation and synergy in creative ideas to work together to create joint research. This book will be interesting to students, scholars, and practitioners who have a deep concern in social science. It is futuristic with a lot of practical insights for the students, faculty, and practitioners. Since the contributors are from across the globe, it is fascinating to see the global benchmarks

THE EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND TEAM REFLEXIVITY ON BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION TO ACHIEVE SUPERIOR ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ( Study of Entrepreneurship on Hospital Organizations in Indonesia )

Organizations are increasingly depending on teams to innovate and respond to the rapidly changing marketplace. The team reflexivity and entrepreneurial orientation as strategic orientation of the organization will play the main role by engaging the team to be risk-taking and more proactive in order to meet customers’ needs as well as creating competitive advantage. The aim of the paper is to explore the effect of these two factors towards business model innovation, in the context of the healthcare industry, especially in the hospital industry in Indonesia, which are currently in a state of disruptive change due to policy reforms. On one hand, inter-profession teams in hospitals generally tend to be reflexive that is appropriate to the high-risk nature of their duty, but on the other hand requires a flexible attitude which constitute of the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. This conceptual paper is expected to enrich the understanding regarding the importance of team reflexivity and entrepreneurial orientation as essential building blocks of the organizational innovation process, which will implicate hospital organizations to achieve competitive advantage through business model innovation