Thiopental and Phenytoin as Novel Ionophores for Potentiometric Determination of Lead (II) Ions

Two novel polymeric membrane sensors for the analysis of Pb(II) have been developed based on two therapeutic drugs, thiopental (TP) and phenytoin (PT) as two new ionophores and potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) as a lipophilic additive, in plasticized PVC membranes. The sensors show a Nernstian response for Pb(II) ions over the wide concentration ranges of 1×10−2 – 7×10−6 M and 1×10−2 – 8×10−6 M for the sensors based on thiopental and phenytoin, respectively. The proposed sensors have a fast response time and can be used for more than nine weeks without any considerable divergence in potentials. The sensors exhibit comparatively good selectivity with respect to alkaline, alkaline earth and some transition and heavy metal ions. They were employed for direct determination of lead in solder alloys and in galena rocks with a good agreement with the obtained results by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Characterization of PVA-Enzyme Coated Indicator Electrodes GA coated again with PVC-KTpClPB-o-NPOE SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD analysis

This study aims to characterize the tungsten-urea analyte indicator electrode. The method used is biosensor potentiometry with urease enzyme immobilization technique. This indicator electrode was coated with PVA-enzyme coated with glutaraldehyde (GA) 2.9% coated with PVC-KTpClPB- o-NPOE with o-NPOE variation of 61% and 66%. Characterization of coated indicator electrodes using SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD analysis. A1-4 61% indicator electrode sample coated PVA-enzyme 1x coated with glutaraldehyde (GA) 2.9% 1x coated PVC-KTpClPB- o-NPOE 1x, with o-NPOE 61%. A3-4 61% indicator electrode sample coated PVA-enzyme 3x coated with glutaraldehyde (GA) 2.9% 1x coated PVC-KTpClPB- o-NPOE 1x, with o-NPOE 61%. Likewise, the reasoning of samples A1-4 66% and A3-4 66%. There are four indicator electrodes made with the notation A1-4 61%, A1-4 66%, A3-4 61% and A3-4 66%. The best results were obtained at the indicator electrode sample A1-4 61%, contributing to the urea sensor of the potentiometer cel

Sunflower Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution with Lead (II) Ions

In this study, the influence of lead (II) ions on sunflower growth and biochemistry was investigated from various points of view. Sunflower plants were treated with 0, 10, 50, 100 and/or 500 μM Pb-EDTA for eight days. We observed alterations in growth in all experimental groups compared with non-treated control plants. Further we determined total content of proteins by a Bradford protein assay. By the eighth day of the experiment, total protein contents in all treated plants were much lower compared to control. Particularly noticeable was the loss of approx. 8 μg/mL or 15 μg/mL in shoots or roots of plants treated with 100 mM Pb-EDTA. We also focused our attention on the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and urease. Activity of the enzymes increased with increasing length of the treatment and applied concentration of lead (II) ions. This increase corresponds well with a higher metabolic activity of treated plants. Contents of cysteine, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and phytochelatin 2 (PC2) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Cysteine content declined in roots of plants with the increasing time of treatment of plants with Pb-EDTA and the concentration of toxic substance. Moreover, we observed ten times higher content of cysteine in roots in comparison with shoots. The observed reduction of cysteine content probably relates with its utilization for biosynthesis of GSH and phytochelatins, because the content of GSH and PC2 was similar in roots and shoots and increased with increased treatment time and concentration of Pb-EDTA. Moreover, we observed oxidative stress caused by Pb-EDTA in roots where the GSSG/GSH ratio was about 0.66. In shoots, the oxidative stress was less distinctive, with a GSSG/GSH ratio 0.14. We also estimated the rate of phytochelatin biosynthesis from the slope of linear equations plotted with data measured in the particular experimental group. The highest rate was detected in roots treated with 100 μM of Pb-EDTA. To determine heavy metal ions many analytical instruments can be used, however, most of them are only able to quantify total content of the metals. This problem can be overcome using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, because it is able to provide a high spatial-distribution of metal ions in different types of materials, including plant tissues. Data obtained were used to assemble 3D maps of Pb and Mg distribution. Distribution of these elements is concentrated around main vascular bundle of leaf, which means around midrib

DISEÑO, CONSTRUCCIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN OPTODO PARA LA DETERMINACIÓN DE PLOMO(II) Y MERCURIO(II) EN SOLUCIÓN, AREQUIPA – 2016

DISEÑO DEL OPTODO DISEÑO DEL MODELO CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL OPTODO CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LOS CIRCUITOS ELECTRÓNICOS CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL CUERPO PREPARACIÓN DE LA MEMBRANA EVALUACIÓN DEL OPTODO CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECTRALES DE LA MEMBRANA PROCEDIMIENTO Y PRINCIPIO DE MEDICIÓN EFECTO DEL PH TIEMPO DE RESPUESTA RANGO DINÁMICO LÍMITE DE SATURACIÓN REPETIBILIDAD Y REPRODUCIBILIDAD ESTABILIDAD A CORTO PLAZO REGENERACIÓN SELECTIVIDAD COMPARACIÓN CON UN MÉTODO ESTÁNDAR (ICP-OES) RESULTADO