Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, TPHOLs’98 Canberra, Australia, September–October 1998. Supplementary Proceedings

Mechanical theorem provers for higher order logics have been successfully applied in many areas including hardware verification and synthesis; verification of security and communications protocols; software verification, transformation and refinement; compiler construction; and concurrency. The higher order logics used to reason about these problems and the underlying theorem prover technology that support them are also active areas of research. The International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs) brings together people working in these and related areas for the discussion and dissemination of new ideas in the field. TPHOLs'98 continues the conference tradition of having both a completed work and work-in-progress stream. The Papers from the first stream were formally refereed, and published as volume 1479 of LNCS. This, supplementary, proceedings records work accepted under the work-in-progress category, and is intended to document emerging trends in higher-order logic research. Papers in the work-in-progress stream are vetted for relevance and contribution before acceptance. The work-in-progress stream is regarded as an important feature of the conference as it provides a venue for the presentation of ongoing research projects, where researchers invite discussion of preliminary results. Although the TPHOLs conferences have their genesis in meetings of the users of the HOL theorem proving system, each successive year has seen a higher rate of contribution from the other groups with similar goals, particularly the user communities of Coq, Isabelle, Lambda, Lego, NuPrl, and PVS. Since 1993 the proceedings have been published by Springer as volumes in Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. Bibliographic details of these publications can be found at the back of this book; more history of TPHOLs can be found with further information about the 1998 event at http://cs.anu.edu.au/TPHOLs98/.Conference Papers: Integrating TPS with Omega By Christoph Benzmuller and Volker Sorge Some Theorem Proving Aids By Paul E. Black and Phillip J. Windley Verification of the MDG Components Library in HOL By Paul Curzon, Sofiene Tahar, and Otmane Ait Mohamed Simulating Term-Rewriting in LPF and in Display Logic By Jeremy E. Dawson A Prototype Generic Tool Supporting the Embedding of Formal Notations By Andrew M. Gravell and Chris H. Pratten Embedding a Formal Notation: Experiences of Automating the Embedding of Z in the Higher Order Logics of PVS and HOL By Andrew M. Gravell and Chris H. Pratten Building HOL90 Everywhere Easily (Well Almost) By Elsa L. Gunter Program Composition in COQ-UNITY : By Francois Marques Formally Analysed Dynamic Synthesis of Hardware By Kong Woei Susanto and Tom Melham Requirements for a Simple Proof Checker By Geoffrey Watson Integrating HOL and RAISE: a practitioner's approach By Wai Wong and Karl R. P. H. Leung Effective Support for Mutually Recursive Types By Peter V. Homeie

Costless Discrimination and Unequal Achievements in a Labour Market Experiment

We investigate the emergence of discrimination in an experiment where individuals affiliated to different groups compete for a monetary prize, submitting independent bids to an auctioneer. The auctioneer receives perfect information about the bids (i.e. there is no statistical discrimination), and she has no monetary incentive to favour the members of her own group (the bidders are symmetric). We observe nonetheless some discrimination by auctioneers, who tend to assign the prize more frequently to a member of their own group when two or more players put forward the highest bid. Out-group bidders react to this bias and reduce significantly their bids, causing an average decay of their earnings throughout the game, with cumulative effects that generate strongly unequal outcomes. Because the initial bias is costless, such mechanism can survive even in competitive market, providing a rationale for a well-known puzzle in the literature, i.e. the long-run persistence of discrimination.discrimination, tournament, groups, experiment

Knowledge Selection in Category-Based Inductive Reasoning

Current theories of category-based inductive reasoning can be distinguished by the emphasis they place on structured and unstructured knowledge. Theories which draw on unstructured knowledge focus on associative strength, or temporal and spatial contiguity between categories. In contrast, accounts which draw on structured knowledge make reference to the underlying theoretical frameworks which relate categories to one another, such as causal or taxonomic relationships. In this thesis, it is argued that this apparent dichotomy can be resolved if one ascribes different processing characteristics to these two types of knowledge. That is, unstructured knowledge influences inductive reasoning effortlessly and relatively automatically, whereas the use of structured knowledge requires effort and the availability of cognitive resources. Understanding these diverging processes illuminates how background knowledge is selected during the inference process. The thesis demonstrates that structured and unstructured knowledge are dissociable and influence reasoning in line with their unique processing characteristics. Using secondary task and speeded response paradigms, it shows that unstructured knowledge is most influential when people are cognitively burdened or forced to respond fast, whereas they can draw on more elaborate structured knowledge if they are not cognitively compromised. This is especially evident for the causal asymmetry effect, in which people make stronger inferences from cause to effect categories, than vice versa. This Bayesian normative effect disappears when people have to contend with a secondary task or respond under time pressure. The next experiments demonstrate that this dissociation between structured and unstructured knowledge is also evident for a more naturalistic inductive reasoning paradigm in which people generate their own inferences. In the final experiments, it is shown how the selection of appropriate knowledge ties in with more domain-general processes, and especially inhibitory control. When responses based on structured and unstructured knowledge conflict, people’s ability to reason based on appropriate structured knowledge depends upon having relevant background knowledge and on their ability to inhibit the lure from inappropriate unstructured knowledge. The thesis concludes with a discussion of how the concepts of structured and unstructured knowledge illuminate the processes underlying knowledge selection for category-based inductive reasoning. It also looks at the implications the findings have for different theories of category-based induction, and for our understanding of human reasoning processes more generally

An investigation of the effects of normal aging on reasoning ability : A dual-process approach

Research has provided a great deal of evidence that reasoning performance declines with age (De Neys & Van Gelder, 2009; Fisk & Sharp, 2002; Gilinsky & Judd, 1994; Salthouse, 2005). Understanding these age-related differences is important because reasoning is an integral part of everyday cognitive functioning, the decline of which may result in older adults relying on heuristic strategies that can result in bias (Bacon, Handley, & Newstead, 2003). The objective of the current research was to use a dual-process theory framework to explain why there are age-related differences in reasoning. In addition to a variety of reasoning tests (i.e., a syllogistic task, base rate task, and the Cognitive Reflection Test), the present dissertation included independent tests of capacity (working memory, processing speed, and inhibition) and thinking styles to account for these age-related differences. Chapter 2 focused on two recently proposed levels of Type 2 analytic thinking, algorithmic (individual differences in capacity) and reflective (individual differences in rational thinking dispositions) (Stanovich, 2009). It was hypothesized that a) both reasoning performance and capacity performance would differ with age, b) these components would contribute independently to performance on three reasoning tasks, and c) that they would explain at least some of the age-related differences in reasoning performance. Older adults demonstrated lower algorithmic capacity relative to younger adults and measures of capacity were related to performance on all three tasks. Furthermore, capacity attenuated the age-related differences in reasoning. Older adults also demonstrated a lower score than young adults on the measure of thinking dispositions; however, this predicted age-related differences only on the base rate task (and marginally on the syllogistic task). Furthermore, on the syllogistic reasoning task, a belief-bias component of reasoning was related to the age-related differences in reasoning. Chapter 3 focused on whether the performance differences between young and older adults demonstrated in Chapter 2 could be attributed to differences in metacognitive skills. Four aspects of metacognition were examined: 1) differences in conflict detection, 2) confidence in individual answers, 3) confidence in overall performance, and 4) scores on the self-report measure Metamemory in Adulthood. There was little evidence to suggest that there were difference in metacognitive ability between young and older adults, thus the results were not consistent with the hypothesis that metacognition plays a role in the age-related reasoning differences. In Chapter 3, I also investigated the hypothesis that conclusion believability and latency may be cues to confidence, and that perceived difficulty of the task may be an alternate measure of confidence, that is related to performance and response time. The data reveal that the conclusion believability and latency cues were important predictors of confidence, especially for the older adults, and that perceived task difficulty was related to performance and latency on both the syllogistic and base rate tasks. Chapter 4 focused on the effects of perspective instructions on age-related differences in reasoning. In particular, I investigated whether reasoners would engage in a more logical, analytic style of thinking when prompted to reason from an alternative perspective. Results indicated that a shift in perspective may be advantageous for the older adults. This is promising because although older adults’ limited capacity increases reliance on heuristic output and decreases processing power, there may be a straightforward way to mediate these age-related differences in reasoning ability, simply by asking them to reason from another’s perspective. Overall, this research significantly expanded the current knowledge regarding age-related differences in reasoning. Moreover, the findings were consistent with a dual-process theory of reasoning, which provided an integrative framework that accounts for the patterns of findings presented in this dissertation

FAST: Fundamental Analysis Support for Financial Statements: using semantics for trading recommendations

Trading systems are tools to aid financial analysts in the investment process in companies. This process is highly complex because a big number of variables take part in it. Furthermore, huge sets of data must be taken into account to perform a grounded investment, making the process even more complicated. In this paper we present a real trading system that has been developed using semantic technologies. These cutting-edge technologies are very useful in this context because they enable the definition of schemes that can be used for storing financial information, which, in turn, can be easily accessed and queried. Additionally, the inference capabilities of the existing reasoning engines enable the generation of a set of rules supporting this investment analysis process.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the project TRAZAMED (IPT 090000 2010 007)Publicad

A purely logic-based approach to approximate matching of Semantic Web Services

Most current approaches to matchmaking of semantic Web services utilize hybrid strategies consisting of logic- and non-logic-based similarity measures (or even no logic-based similarity at all). This is mainly due to pure logic-based matchers achieving a good precision, but very low recall values. We present a purely logic-based matcher implementation based on approximate subsumption and extend this approach to take additional information about the taxonomy of the background ontology into account. Our aim is to provide a purely logic-based matchmaker implementation, which also achieves reasonable recall levels without large impact on precision

The Effects of Social Ties on Coordination: Conceptual Foundations for an Empirical Analysis

International audienceThis paper investigates the influence that social ties can have on behavior. After defining the concept of social ties that we consider, we introduce an original model of social ties. The impact of such ties on social preferences is studied in a coordination game with outside option. We provide a detailed game theoretical analysis of this game while considering various types of players, i.e., self-interest maximizing, inequity averse, and fair agents. In addition to these approaches that require strategic reasoning in order to reach some equilibrium, we also present an alternative hypothesis that relies on the concept of team reasoning. After having discussed the differences between the latter and our model of social ties, we show how an experiment can be designed so as to discriminate among the models presented in the paper