Computing Nash Equilibrium in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: A Simulation-Based Approach

This paper studies the problem of computing Nash equilibrium in wireless networks modeled by Weighted Timed Automata. Such formalism comes together with a logic that can be used to describe complex features such as timed energy constraints. Our contribution is a method for solving this problem using Statistical Model Checking. The method has been implemented in UPPAAL model checker and has been applied to the analysis of Aloha CSMA/CD and IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA protocols.Comment: In Proceedings IWIGP 2012, arXiv:1202.422

State-of-the-art in Power Line Communications: from the Applications to the Medium

In recent decades, power line communication has attracted considerable attention from the research community and industry, as well as from regulatory and standardization bodies. In this article we provide an overview of both narrowband and broadband systems, covering potential applications, regulatory and standardization efforts and recent research advancements in channel characterization, physical layer performance, medium access and higher layer specifications and evaluations. We also identify areas of current and further study that will enable the continued success of power line communication technology.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Special Issue on Power Line Communications and its Integration with the Networking Ecosystem. 201

Wireless Process Control using IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol

Projecte final de carrera fet en col.laboració amb KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyCatalà:: Considerant els beneficis potencials de les xarxes sense fils de sensors (WSNs), s'estan convertint en una interessant tecnologia tant per processos com per al control industrial així com per xarxes intel·ligents. Aquestes aplicacions motiven altres companyies, comunitats industrials i a universitats a centrar la investigació en aquesta direcció. El IEEE 802.15.4 és un estàndard proposat per ser utilitzat en comunicacions de baix consum energètic on les WSNs formen part. Malgrat l'existència de moltes implementacions d'aquests estàndard per el nostre sistema operatiu, TinyOS, no estan completament validats o no existeix un anàlisi suficient del rendiment de l'estàndard en una implementació real. En aquest projecte, es compara dues implementacions a través de diferents experiments per comprovar la validesa de les implementacions. Però la implementació seleccionada no incorpora el mecanisme de Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs), es per això, que en aquest projecte es proporcionen tots els mecanismes necessaris per transmetre durant el Contention-Free Period (CFP): assignació, expiració, reassignació i deassignació. D'aquesta manera proporcionem la implementació del IEEE 802.15.4 amb una completa avaluació del rendiment amb la qual el correcte funcionament queda validat. Degut a que no existien resultats pràctics sobre l'ús d'aquest protocol per aplicacions de control, presentem un pendol invertit per mostrar els beneficis del control sense fils de processos utilitzant el IEEE 802.15.4 en un llaç de control. Els resultats experimentals mostren les pèrdues de paquets i retards, factors determinants per garantir l'estabilitat del sistema. D'altra banda, també demostrem i analitzem els beneficis d'aquest protocol aplicat a una xarxa intel·ligent (Smart Grid).Castellano: Considerando los potenciales beneficios de las redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSN), se están convirtiendo en una interesante tecnología para procesos, producción, y el control industrial así como para redes inteligentes. Estas aplicaciones motivan a otras compañías, comunidades industriales y a las universidades a centrar la investigación en esta dirección. El IEEE 802.15.4 es un estándar propuesto para ser utilizado en comunicaciones de bajo consumo donde las WSNs forman parte. A pesar de que existen muchas implementaciones de dicho estándar para el sistema operativo seleccionado, TinyOS, no están completamente validadas o completamente implementadas. Además, a pesar de la existencia de estudios que utilizan este protocolo, no hay un análisis suficiente del rendimiento de este estándar en una implementación real. En este proyecto, se comparan dos implementaciones a través de diferentes experimentos para comprobar la validez de dichas implementaciones. Debido al hecho de la implementación seleccionada no incluye el mecanismo Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs), en este proyecto se proporcionan todos los mecanismo necesarios para transmitir durante el Contention-Free Period (CFP): asignación, expiación, re-asignación y de-asignación. De esta manera, proporcionamos la implementación del IEEE 802.15.4 con una completa evaluación del rendimiento con el cual su correcto comportamiento queda validado. Debido a que no existían resultados prácticos del uso de este protocolo para aplicaciones de control, presentamos un péndulo invertido para mostrar también los beneficios del control inalámbrico de procesos utilizando el IEEE 802.15.4 en un lazo de control. Los resultados experimentales muestran las perdidas de paquetes y retrasos, factores determinantes para garantizar la estabilidad del sistema. Además, demostramos y analizamos los beneficios de este protocolo aplicado a una red inteligente (Smart Grid).English: Considering the potential benefits offered by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), they have been becoming an interesting technology for process, manufacturing, and industrial control and Smart Grid applications. These applications motivate many companies, industrial communities and academy to focus and research in this direction. The IEEE 802.15.4 is the standard proposed to be use in low-power communication of which WSN is part. Even though there are many implementations of the standard for the selected operating system, TinyOS, they are not fully validated or fully implemented. Moreover, in spite of the existence of previous studies using the protocol, there is no sufficient analysis of the performance of this standard. In this thesis, a comparison between the two main implementations is done through the experiments to validate the feasibility of the implementations. Because of the fact that the selected implementation does not have the Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs) mechanism developed, in this thesis are provided all the mechanisms necessary to transmit during the Contention-Free Period (CFP): allocation, expiration, reallocation and deallocation. Hence, a IEEE 802.15.4 implementation is provided with a comprehensive evaluation with which the behaviour is proven. The implementation is validated in terms of packet delivery rate and delay for different network configurations and different parameters. Owing to no practical results for the use of this protocol in control applications, a inverted pendulum process is introduced to show the benefits in wireless process control by using the IEEE 802.15.4 in a real-time control loop process. The extensive experimental results show that packets losses and delays are the essential factors to guarantee the stability of the system. Furthermore, we also demonstrate and analyse the benefits of using this protocol in a Home Smart Grid setup

Industry 4.0: Industrial IoT Enhancement and WSN Performance Analysis

L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

Wireless Process Control using IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol

Projecte final de carrera fet en col.laboració amb KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyCatalà:: Considerant els beneficis potencials de les xarxes sense fils de sensors (WSNs), s'estan convertint en una interessant tecnologia tant per processos com per al control industrial així com per xarxes intel·ligents. Aquestes aplicacions motiven altres companyies, comunitats industrials i a universitats a centrar la investigació en aquesta direcció. El IEEE 802.15.4 és un estàndard proposat per ser utilitzat en comunicacions de baix consum energètic on les WSNs formen part. Malgrat l'existència de moltes implementacions d'aquests estàndard per el nostre sistema operatiu, TinyOS, no estan completament validats o no existeix un anàlisi suficient del rendiment de l'estàndard en una implementació real. En aquest projecte, es compara dues implementacions a través de diferents experiments per comprovar la validesa de les implementacions. Però la implementació seleccionada no incorpora el mecanisme de Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs), es per això, que en aquest projecte es proporcionen tots els mecanismes necessaris per transmetre durant el Contention-Free Period (CFP): assignació, expiració, reassignació i deassignació. D'aquesta manera proporcionem la implementació del IEEE 802.15.4 amb una completa avaluació del rendiment amb la qual el correcte funcionament queda validat. Degut a que no existien resultats pràctics sobre l'ús d'aquest protocol per aplicacions de control, presentem un pendol invertit per mostrar els beneficis del control sense fils de processos utilitzant el IEEE 802.15.4 en un llaç de control. Els resultats experimentals mostren les pèrdues de paquets i retards, factors determinants per garantir l'estabilitat del sistema. D'altra banda, també demostrem i analitzem els beneficis d'aquest protocol aplicat a una xarxa intel·ligent (Smart Grid).Castellano: Considerando los potenciales beneficios de las redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSN), se están convirtiendo en una interesante tecnología para procesos, producción, y el control industrial así como para redes inteligentes. Estas aplicaciones motivan a otras compañías, comunidades industriales y a las universidades a centrar la investigación en esta dirección. El IEEE 802.15.4 es un estándar propuesto para ser utilizado en comunicaciones de bajo consumo donde las WSNs forman parte. A pesar de que existen muchas implementaciones de dicho estándar para el sistema operativo seleccionado, TinyOS, no están completamente validadas o completamente implementadas. Además, a pesar de la existencia de estudios que utilizan este protocolo, no hay un análisis suficiente del rendimiento de este estándar en una implementación real. En este proyecto, se comparan dos implementaciones a través de diferentes experimentos para comprobar la validez de dichas implementaciones. Debido al hecho de la implementación seleccionada no incluye el mecanismo Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs), en este proyecto se proporcionan todos los mecanismo necesarios para transmitir durante el Contention-Free Period (CFP): asignación, expiación, re-asignación y de-asignación. De esta manera, proporcionamos la implementación del IEEE 802.15.4 con una completa evaluación del rendimiento con el cual su correcto comportamiento queda validado. Debido a que no existían resultados prácticos del uso de este protocolo para aplicaciones de control, presentamos un péndulo invertido para mostrar también los beneficios del control inalámbrico de procesos utilizando el IEEE 802.15.4 en un lazo de control. Los resultados experimentales muestran las perdidas de paquetes y retrasos, factores determinantes para garantizar la estabilidad del sistema. Además, demostramos y analizamos los beneficios de este protocolo aplicado a una red inteligente (Smart Grid).English: Considering the potential benefits offered by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), they have been becoming an interesting technology for process, manufacturing, and industrial control and Smart Grid applications. These applications motivate many companies, industrial communities and academy to focus and research in this direction. The IEEE 802.15.4 is the standard proposed to be use in low-power communication of which WSN is part. Even though there are many implementations of the standard for the selected operating system, TinyOS, they are not fully validated or fully implemented. Moreover, in spite of the existence of previous studies using the protocol, there is no sufficient analysis of the performance of this standard. In this thesis, a comparison between the two main implementations is done through the experiments to validate the feasibility of the implementations. Because of the fact that the selected implementation does not have the Guaranteed Time Slots (GTSs) mechanism developed, in this thesis are provided all the mechanisms necessary to transmit during the Contention-Free Period (CFP): allocation, expiration, reallocation and deallocation. Hence, a IEEE 802.15.4 implementation is provided with a comprehensive evaluation with which the behaviour is proven. The implementation is validated in terms of packet delivery rate and delay for different network configurations and different parameters. Owing to no practical results for the use of this protocol in control applications, a inverted pendulum process is introduced to show the benefits in wireless process control by using the IEEE 802.15.4 in a real-time control loop process. The extensive experimental results show that packets losses and delays are the essential factors to guarantee the stability of the system. Furthermore, we also demonstrate and analyse the benefits of using this protocol in a Home Smart Grid setup

Contribution to the integration, performance improvement, and smart management of data and resources in the Internet of Things

[SPA] Esta tesis doctoral se presenta bajo la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones.[ENG] This doctoral dissertation has been presented in the form of thesis by publication. The IoT has seen a tremendous growth in the last few years. Not only due to its potential to transform societies, but also as an enabling technology for many other technological advances. Unfortunately, the IoT is a relatively recent paradigm that lacks the maturity of other well-established (not so recent) revolutions like the internet itself or Wireless Sensor Networks; upon which the IoT is built. The presented Thesis contributes to this maturation process by researching on the underlying communication mechanisms that enable a truly ubiquitous and effective IoT. As a Thesis by compilation, 5 relevant articles are introduced and discussed. Each of such articles delve into different key aspects that, in their own way, help closing the gap between what the IoT is expected to bring and what the IoT actually brings. As thoroughly commented throughout the main text, the comprehensive approach taken in this Thesis ensures that multiple angles of the same plane --the communication plane-- are analyzed and studied. From the mathematical analysis of how electromagnetic waves propagate through complex environments to the utilization of recent Machine Learning techniques, this Thesis explore a wide range of scientific and researching tools that are shown to improve the final performance of the IoT. In the first three chapters of this document, the reader will be introduced to the current context and state-of-the-art of the IoT while, at the same time, the formal objectives of this Thesis are outlined and set into such a global context. In the next five chapters, the five corresponding articles are presented and commented. For each and every of these articles: a brief abstract, a methodology summary, a highlight on the results and contributions and final conclusions are also added. Lastly, in the two last chapters, the final conclusions and future lines of this Thesis are commented.Los artículos que componen la tesis son los siguientes: 1. R. M. Sandoval, A.-J. J. Garcia-Sanchez, F. Garcia-Sanchez, and J. Garcia-Haro, \Evaluating the More Suitable ISM Frequency Band for IoT-Based Smart Grids: A Quantitative Study of 915 MHz vs. 2400 MHz," Sensors, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 76, Dec. 2016. 2. R. M. Sandoval, A.-J. J. Garcia-Sanchez, J.-M. M. Molina-Garcia-Pardo, F. Garcia-Sanchez, and J. Garcia-Haro, \Radio-Channel Characterization of Smart Grid Substations in the 2.4-GHz ISM Band," IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1294{1307, Feb. 2017. 3. R. M. Sandoval, A. J. Garcia-Sanchez, and J. Garcia-Haro, \Improving RSSI-based path-loss models accuracy for critical infrastructures: A smart grid substation case-study," IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 2230{2240, 2018. 4. R. M. Sandoval, A.-J. Garcia-Sanchez, J. Garcia-Haro, and T. M. Chen, \Optimal policy derivation for Transmission Duty-Cycle constrained LPWAN," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1{1, Aug. 2018. 5. R. M. Sandoval, S. Canovas-Carrasco, A. Garcia-Sanchez, and J. Garcia-Haro, \Smart Usage of Multiple RAT in IoT-oriented 5G Networks: A Reinforcement Learning Approach," in 2018 ITU Kaleidoscope: Machine Learning for a 5G Future (ITU K), 2018, pp. 1-8.Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de CartagenaUniversidad Politécnica de CartagenaPrograma de Doctorado en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones por la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagen

Intrusion Detection for Smart Grid Communication Systems

Transformation of the traditional power grid into a smart grid hosts an array of vulnerabilities associated with communication networks. Furthermore, wireless mediums used throughout the smart grid promote an environment where Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are very effective. In wireless mediums, jamming and spoofing attack techniques diminish system operations thus affecting smart grid stability and posing an immediate threat to Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) of the smart grid. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) serve as a primary defense in mitigating network vulnerabilities. In IDS, signatures created from historical data are compared to incoming network traffic to identify abnormalities. In this thesis, intrusion detection algorithms are proposed for attack detection in smart grid networks by means of physical, data link, network, and session layer analysis. Irregularities in these layers provide insight to whether the network is experiencing genuine or malicious activity

Efficient Information Access in Data-Intensive Sensor Networks

Recent advances in wireless communications and microelectronics have enabled wide deployment of smart sensor networks. Such networks naturally apply to a broad range of applications that involve system monitoring and information tracking (e.g., fine-grained weather/environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, urban-scale traffic or parking monitoring, gunshot detection, monitoring volcanic eruptions, measuring rate of melting glaciers, forest fire detection, emergency medical care, disaster response, airport security infrastructure, monitoring of children in metropolitan areas, product transition in warehouse networks etc.).Meanwhile, existing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) perform poorly when the applications have high bandwidth needs for data transmission and stringent delay constraints against the network communication. Such requirements are common for Data Intensive Sensor Networks (DISNs) implementing Mission-Critical Monitoring applications (MCM applications).We propose to enhance existing wireless network standards with flexible query optimization strategies that take into account network constraints and application-specific data delivery patterns in order to meet high performance requirements of MCM applications.In this respect, this dissertation has two major contributions: First, we have developed an algebraic framework called Data Transmission Algebra (DTA) for collision-aware concurrent data transmissions. Here, we have merged the serialization concept from the databases with the knowledge of wireless network characteristics. We have developed an optimizer that uses the DTA framework, and generates an optimal data transmission schedule with respect to latency, throughput, and energy usage. We have extended the DTA framework to handle location-based trust and sensor mobility. We improved DTA scalability with Whirlpool data delivery mechanism, which takes advantage of partitioning of the network. Second, we propose relaxed optimization strategy and develop an adaptive approach to deliver data in data-intensive wireless sensor networks. In particular, we have shown that local actions at nodes help network to adapt in worse network conditions and perform better. We show that local decisions at the nodes can converge towards desirable global network properties e.g.,high packet success ratio for the network. We have also developed a network monitoring tool to assess the state and dynamic convergence of the WSN, and force it towards better performance