Discourse markers in conversation between “Mom and Children” Tiktok videos

ENGLISH: This present study discussed discourse markers that were often found in conversations as content in the form of short tiktok videos. This study investigated DMs used in tiktok video conversations between "mother and children" in Ongsquad account. The objectives of this study were to find out the types and functions of DMs used by a mother as content creator in a conversation with her children on her tiktok account @Ongsquad. This study included descriptive qualitative research was used to describe linguistic data related to the types and functions of DMs contained in the utterances spoken by mothers and their children. The source of the data in this study came from several videos containing the content of conversations between mothers and their children on Ongsquad's TikTok account. The method was applied to analyze data by employing to Brinton's theory (1996) to analyze the type and function of DMs. From the findings, it was concluded that there were twenty-three types of discourse markers found in the conversation between mother and children in short videos as TikTok content including: ah (5), well (3), but (13), oh (9), and (31), now (11), or (2), right (1), i know (2), you know (3 ), hmm (11), yeah (8) i think (4), then (6), no (2), huh (1), yup (1), yes (13), because (5), like (2 ), actually (2), alright (3), ok (15). All of these variables have their respective functions. These functions were opening frame markers, closing frame markers, turn takers, filler/turn keepers, topic switchers, information indicators, sequence/relevance markers, repair markers, response/reaction markers, back-channel signals, confirmation markers, agreement markers, disagreement markers, and checking understanding markers.Based on some of the functions mentioned above, sequence markers are functions that are often used to dominate conversations carried out by mothers rather than children. The researcher also found one utterance that repeated the DM "ok ok ok" which was the result of an accident that was not planned by the content creator. It was recommended that future researchers with the same topic would apply several other theories about discourse markers, not only focusing on one theory but also several other theories and also the object of research that is expanded for research improvement. INDONESIA: Kajian ini membahas tentang penanda wacana yang sering ditemukan dalam percakapan sebagai konten yang berbentuk video pendek tiktok. Penelitian ini menyelidiki penanda wacana yang digunakan dalam percakapan video tiktok antara "ibu dan anak" di akun Ongsquad. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis dan fungsi penanda wacana yang digunakan oleh seorang ibu sebagai content creator dalam percakapan dengan anak-anaknya di akun tiktoknya @Ongsquad. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan data kebahasaan yang berkaitan dengan jenis dan fungsi penanda wacana yang terkandung dalam tuturan yang diucapkan oleh ibu dan anaknya. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini berasal dari beberapa video yang berisi konten percakapan antara ibu dan anak di akun TikTok Ongsquad. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dengan menggunakan teori Brinton (1996) untuk menganalisis jenis dan fungsi penanda wacana. Dari temuan tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa terdapat dua puluh tiga jenis penanda wacana yang ditemukan dalam percakapan ibu dan anak pada video pendek sebagai konten TikTok antara lain: ah (5), well (3), but (13), oh ( 9), and (31), now (11), or (2), right (1), I know (2), you know (3), hmm (11), yeah (8) I think (4), then (6), no (2), huh (1), yup (1), yes (13), because (5), like (2), actually (2), alright (3), ok (15). Semua variabel tersebut memiliki fungsinya masing-masing.Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah opening frame markers, closing frame markers, turn takers, filler/turn keepers, topic switchers, information indicators, sequence/relevance markers, repair markers, response/reaction markers, back-channel signals, confirmation markers, agreement markers, disagreement markers, and checking understanding markers. Berdasarkan beberapa fungsi yang disebutkan di atas, sequence marker merupakan fungsi yang sering digunakan untuk mendominasi percakapan yang dilakukan oleh ibu daripada anak. Peneliti juga menemukan satu ucapan yang mengulang penanda wacana “ok ok ok” yang merupakan akibat dari kecelakaan yang tidak direncanakan oleh pembuat konten. Disarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya dengan topik yang sama untuk menerapkan beberapa teori lain tentang penanda wacana, tidak hanya berfokus pada satu teori tetapi juga beberapa teori lain dan juga objek penelitian yang diperluas untuk perbaikan penelitian. ARABIC: تناقش هذه الدراسة حول علامات الخطاب التي توجد في المحادثات غالبًا كمحتوى في شكل مقاطع فيديو تيك توك القصيرة. ترصد هذه الدراسة عن علامات الخطاب المستخدمة في محادثة فيديو تيك توك بين "الأم والطفل" في حساب Ongsquad. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد أنواع ووظائف علامات الخطاب التي تستخدمها الأم كمنشئ الحمتوى في المحادثات مع أطفالها في حساب تيك توك لها Ongsquad@. تستخدم الباحثة المنهج الوصفي النوعي الذي يستخدم لتعريف البيانات اللغوية المتعلقة بأنواع ووظائف علامات الخطاب الواردة في أقوال الأم والطفل. كان مصدر البيانات في هذه الدراسة تحصل من عدة مقاطع فيديو تحتوي على محتوى المحادثات بين الأمهات والأطفال على حساب Ongsquad. الطريقة المستخدمة لتحليل البيانات استخداماً بنظرية برينتون (1996) لتحليل أنواع ووظائف علامات الخطاب. فمن النتائج استنتج هناك 23 نوعًا من علامات الخطاب الموجودة في المحادثة بين الأم والطفل في مقاطع فيديو قصيرة مثل محتوى تيك توك منها: اه (5)، حسنًا (3)، لكن (13)، أوه (9)، و (31)، الآن (11)، أو (2)، صحيح (1)، أعرف (2)، تعرف (3)، هم (11)، أيواه (8) أعتقد (4)، ثم (6)، لا (2)، هوه (1)، نعم (1)، طبعاً (13)، لأن (5)، مثل (2)، في الواقع (2)، تمام (3)، حسناً (15). كل هذه المتغيرات لها وظائف هي علامات إطار الفتح، وعلامات إطار الإغلاق، وعلامات التسلسل/الصلة، وعلامات الاستجابة/التفاعل، وعلامات التأكيد، والتحقق من علامات الفهم. مرتكز على بعض الوظائف المذكورة، فإن علامات التسلسل تستخدم غالبًا على المحادثات التي تجريها الأمهات بخلاف الأطفال. ووجدت الباحثة أيضًا عبارة واحدة تكرر "حسنًا حسنًا حسنًا" والتي كانت نتيجة لحادث لم يتم التخطيط له من قبل منشئ المحتوى. يُقترح على الباحثين الآخرين في نفس هذا الموضوع تطبيق العديد من النظريات الأخرى حول علامات الخطاب، ليس التركيز على نظرية واحدة فقط ولكن من النظريات مع توسيع الموضوع لتحسين البحث

The use of animal-borne cameras to video-track the behaviour of domestic cats.

Free roaming domestic animals can have a profound effect on wildlife. To better understand and mitigate any impact, it is important to understand the behaviour patterns of the domestic animals, and how other variables might influence their behaviour. Direct observation is not always feasible and bears the potential risk of observer effects. The use of animal-borne small videocameras provides the opportunity to study behaviour from the animal’s point of view. While video-tracking has been used previously to study specific aspects of the behaviour of a species, it has not been used so far to determine detailed time-budgets. The aim of this study was to provide and validate an ethogram based on cat-camera footage collected from 16 cats (Felis catus). The methodology was validated comparing films recorded simultaneously, from both collar-mounted video recorders and hand-held video recorders. Additionally, the inter-observer reliability of scorers was measured. Continuous and instantaneous recording regimes were compared, and behavioural accumulation curves were evaluated to provide further technique recommendations for video-tracking cats. Video-tracking allows scoring of behaviour as reliably as direct observation (linear mixed effects model: t<0.001, P = 0.99; df= 14 in 7 cats; Cohen's κ =0.88). Furthermore, interobserver reliability was high (Cohen's κ = 0.72) and was not significantly different from 0.8 (one-sample t-test: t=1.15. df=5, P = 0.30), indicating that the method is not subject to bias in observers. Recommendations are given for the most efficient scoring protocol to reliably record feline behaviour. While the validation was concerned with cat behaviour, the approach can be easily adapted for a variety of domestic species, as well as some captive animals. Video-tracking offers a new avenue to investigate both general time-budgets and more specific behaviours such as foraging or space use from the animal's point of view and in its normal environment, without restrictions to movement. Insights gained through video-tracking will be relevant to various conservation and animal welfare issues.The cameras were funded by research money provided by the University of Derby

Transfer Learning using Computational Intelligence: A Survey

Abstract Transfer learning aims to provide a framework to utilize previously-acquired knowledge to solve new but similar problems much more quickly and effectively. In contrast to classical machine learning methods, transfer learning methods exploit the knowledge accumulated from data in auxiliary domains to facilitate predictive modeling consisting of different data patterns in the current domain. To improve the performance of existing transfer learning methods and handle the knowledge transfer process in real-world systems, ..