Evaluation of design for business: survey of providers of design services

This report outlines the findings of PACEC’s survey research and consultation with providers of design services in the East Midlands in terms of the support they provide or may provide in the future in integrating design in SMEs

The rise of consultancy and the prospect for regions

Reviews recent research on the growth of `knowledge-intensive services' (KIS), based on processes of consultancy. This trend is a significant symptom of new divisions of labour in the provision of key technical and business expertise especially to the corporate sector. KIS growth is regionally highly concentrated in all European countries, but their influence on patterns and rates of change in other sectors is perhaps becoming even more significant across all regions. Global consultancies, in particular, now link global, national and local sources of expertise, exerting a powerful influence on national and regional KIS through both competitive and collaborative processes. Important elements of economies, including small-medium firms, and peripheral regions may not benefit from these changes, thus accentuating patterns of unequal economic development.

Why Do Business Service Firms Cluster? Small Consultancies, Clustering and Decentralisation in London and Southern England

Notwithstanding their remarkable recent growth, surprisingly little research has hitherto been conducted on the evolving geography of professional and business services in Britain. This paper analyses the results of a detailed survey of 300 small and medium-sized management and engineering consultancies, in investigating the forces underpinning both the striking clustering of such firms in central London and their growth in decentralised locations of East Anglia and South West England. Particular attention is paid to the role of demand-side influences, localised 'collective learning' processes, and increasing globalisation in clustering, and to so called 'enterprising behaviour theory' in explaining decentralisation.business services, clustering London, globalisation, SMEs, collective learning

Peripherality and proximity. Do business support services matter?

This essay is based on empirical evidence from the case of Tuscany (Italy) and follows previous work on the role and meaning of image in regional development and innovation policies (Bellini, 2004). Discussions about image and branding policies is usually placed in the framework of "place marketing" and marketing literature helps in defining the features, components and main characters of image and of its relationship with local identity. We suggest, however, that managing images is also a political process with significant impact in supporting and shaping the scenario (perceptions and expectations) for innovation policies. In fact this process implies a competition between images in order to "control" the representation of the past, present and future of an area. This competition aims at influencing the policy agenda by manipulating the gap between image and identity. In other words, we suggest that image-related policies should be considered part of the toolbox of a modern innovation policy.

Regional collective learning processes, innovation and growth of high technology SMEs: The case of the Cambridge region

Recent theoretical research on the technological development of dynamic European regions has drawn attention to the supposedly key role of "untraded interdependencies" between local firms and other organisations (Storper, 1995), involving informal inter-firm networking (Yeung, 1994) and processes of "collective learning" (Camagni, 1991, Lorenz, 1992). These processes, which involve exchange and development of technological expertise, are seen as being based on relationships of trust and reciprocity, while the networks and processes themselves are viewed as influential in the recent evolution of dynamic regional clusters of innovative small and medium sized enterprises. The paper will attempt to assess the extent, importance and nature of collective learning processes in the specific caseof technology-intensive firms in the Cambridge region recenty descried as the "nearest thing in Europe to Silicon Valley" (Martin 1996). Based on an original interview survey of technology-based enterprises, the paper will asses the role of technology firm spin-off and acquistion, inter-firm research and technology collaboration, and scientific and professional labour market recruitment, in the development of local technological competencies and collective learning capabilities. Alltention will also be paid to the role of key local instiutions and supporting business services in this regard. The paper will conclude by condsidering implications for policy.

Business Networks and Performance: A Spatial Approach

Business networks are associated to increased business performance and are regarded as a major factor influencing the development of rural and lagging areas. It is assumed that businesses access many networks in order to pursue their short and long term entrepreneurial objectives. The most important spatial features of this business-network relationship are firstly the spatial coverage of the network and secondly the location of the business in relation to its markets. As concerns the spatial coverage of the networks we distinguish between vertical and horizontal business networks. Vertical networks allow local enterprises to forge alliances with externally located consumers, suppliers, distributors, retailers and institutions, while horizontal networks provide relationships with locally based producers, institutions, and consumers. As concerns the location of the business in relation to its markets we distinguish between firms located in accessible locations and firms located in less accessible and peripheral locations in relation to their output markets. A survey of 160 businesses in the manufacturing and services sectors in two areas of Greece (one remote and one more accessible) is used to test empirically the effects of the spatial features of the business-network relationship on firm performance. Business performance is approximated through a series of measures capturing conventional firm growth and other less conventional managerial objectives. The analysis demonstrates that a significantly high proportion of successful businesses located in the remote area simultaneously access vertical and horizontal networks while in the less remote area successful businesses access mainly vertical networks. It is argued that policy initiatives towards the support of business networks as a tool of regional development policies should have a strong territorial and spatial perspective.

Evaluation of the main achievements of cohesion policy programmes and projects over the longer term in 15 selected regions: case study North East England

This report presents the Pilot Case Study for North East England as part of the study ‘Evaluation of the Main Achievements of Cohesion Policy Programmes over the Longer Term in 15 Selected Regions (from 1989-1993 Programming Period to the Present)’ which is being managed by the European Policies Research Centre and London School of Economics

Re-articulating the creative hub concept as a model for business support in the local creative economy: the case of Mare Street in Hackney

This research was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council [grant Number AH/J005142/1].This research was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council [grant Number AH/J005142/1].This research was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council [grant Number AH/J005142/1].The literature on ‘creative hubs’ is scarce. Although the term is currently in wide use in policy circles, its actual meaning is not always clear. Accordingly, this paper aims to clarify what is meant by the ‘creative hub’ through the use of ethnographic work as well as a consolidation of the available literature. The findings suggest that although different creative hubs take on a number of different physical, spatial, organisational and operational manifestations they nonetheless can be understood as having four primary characteristics: first, they provide ‘creative’ services to creative SMEs, including micro-businesses; second, they are aimed specifically at early stage creative SMEs and micro-businesses; third, they are facilitated by trusted individuals who retain a number of important positions and conduct a number of important activities; and fourth, they have become important to the health of the local creative economy. This paper argues that the notion of the creative hub can be understood as a putative model for providing mainly business support in a local context for specifically the creative sector

Management consulting : structure and growth of a knowledge intensive business service market in Europe

The globalisation of contemporary capitalism is bringing about at least two important implications for the emergence and significance of business services. First, the social division of labour steadily increases (ILLERIS 1996). Within the complex organisation of production and trade new intermediate actors emerge either from the externalisation of existing functions in the course of corporate restructuring policies or from the fragmentation of the production chain into newly defined functions. Second, competitive advantages of firms increasingly rest on their ability to innovate and learn. As global communication erodes knowledge advantages more quickly, product life cycles shorten and permanent organisational learning results to be crucial for the creation and maintenance of competitiveness. Intra- and interorganisational relations of firms now are the key assets for learning and reflexivity (STORPER 1997). These two aspects of globalisation help understand why management consulting - as only one among other knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) - has been experiencing such a boost throughout the last two decades. Throughout the last ten years, the business has grown annually by 10% on average in Europe. Management consulting can be seen first, as a new organisational intermediate and second, as an agent of change and reflexivity to business organisations. Although the KIBS industry may not take a great share of the national GDP its impact on national economies should not be underestimated. Estimations show that today up to 80% of the value added to industrial products stem from business services (ILLERIS 1996). Economic geographers have been paying more attention to KIBS since the late 1970s and focus on the transformation of the spatial economy through the emerging business services. This market survey is conceived as a first step of a research programme on the internationalisation of management consulting and as a contribution to the lively debate in economic geography. The management consulting industry is unlimited in many ways: There are only scarce institutional boundaries, low barriers to entry, a very heterogeneous supply structure and multiple forms of transaction. Official statistics have not yet provided devices of grasping this market and it may be therefore, that research and literature on this business are rather poor. The following survey is an attempt to selectively compile existing material, empirical studies and statistics in order to draw a sketchy picture of the European market, its institutional constraints, agents and dynamics. German examples will be employed to pursue arguments in more depth