Magic mirror on the wall: Selfie-related behavior as mediator of the relationship between narcissism and problematic smartphone use

Objective: Recent research has suggested that problematic smartphone use is associated with several psychological factors and that mobile apps and smartphone-related behavior (i.e. selfi e behavior) may encourage the development of problematic smartphone use. However, little is known about how the interplay between dysfunctional personality characteristics and selfi e-related behavior can infl uence problematic smartphone use. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between narcissism and problematic smartphone use, as well as the mediating role of selfi e-related behavior in this relationship among young men and women. Method: In the current study, a total of 627 undergraduate students (283 males and 344 females) completed a cross-sectional survey. A structural equation model was tested separately for males and females in order to evaluate the associations between narcissism, selfi e-related behavior and problematic smartphone use. Results: The results showed that greater narcissism was related to increased selfi e-related behavior, which in turn were positively associated with problematic smartphone use both for males and females. However, selfi e-related behavior mediated the relationship between narcissism and problematic smartphone use only for females. Conclusions: The study provides fresh insight into our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying problematic smartphone use, which may inform prevention and treatment interventions

The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use And Motivation To Exercise In College Students

Past research suggests that high cell phone usage is related to sedentary behavior, poor physical fitness, and poor mental health. College students cell phone usage has increased over previous years while physical activity levels have declined, but due to little research, this relationship is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between college student\u27s smartphone usage, exercise motivation, and physical activity. College students completed an electronic survey (n=157; female = 135; age = 20.01±1.49; BMI = 24.39) that assessed exercise motivation, physical activity, smartphone usage, height and weight (to calculate BMI), depression, anxiety, stress and fear of missing out. Data was analyzed with Pearson correlation and independent t-tests using SPSS. Results showed that amotivation (p \u3c 0.01) was positively associated with cell phone usage, while intrinsic motivation (p \u3c 0.01) was negatively associated. High cell phone users (M = 0.75 ± 0.80) showed greater amotivation for exercise than low-users (M = 0.33 ± 0.52), while low-users showed higher levels of intrinsic motivation. This novel study suggests that cell phone usage may interfere with exercise motivation and could be a possible barrier for individuals trying to become more motivated to exercise. Future research should examine ways to limit cell phone use, increase motivation to exercise to improve overall quality of life

Which affects affect the use of new technologies? Italian adaptation of the Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents (IMQ-A) and criterion validity with problematic use and body dissatisfaction

Given the negative role of problematic use of new technological devices (NTD) in behavioral and psychological domains, the aim of the study is the Italian adaptation and validation of the Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents (IMQ-A) in order to understand the motivation for the use of NTD. A total of 769 students 10-19 aged (M = 13.22, SD = 1.56) completed the IMQ-A, the Collins Figures Rating Scale, and two measures regarding the problematic NTD use, focused on overuse during the night and during meals. The IMQ-A showed adequate internal consistency with regard to its four subscales: Coping (α = .84), Social (α = .80), Enhancement (α = .80), and Conformity (α = .68) motives. However, with regard to factorial structure, a threefactor model (excluding Conformity subscale) showed slightly better fit indices than the original model. Coping motive was correlated with problematic NTD use and succeeded in predicting higher scores in body dissatisfaction as evidence of criterion-related and external validity. The Italian adaptation of the IMQ-A can be useful in both research and clinical fields, in order to propose alternative strategies for coping to users and to improve emotion regulation facets

Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area

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Hedonic use, stress, and life satisfaction as predictors of smartphone addiction

This study examined the relationship between hedonic smartphone use (entertainment, social media, games), perceived life stress, and satisfaction with life with smartphone addiction (SA). We tested the connections using structural equation modeling (SEM) on questionnaire data obtained from 410 participants (73.2% women). Results indicated a good overall fit of the model (χ(2)(36) = 58.06, p = .011; CFI = 0.970, TLI = 0.954, RMSEA[90% CI] = 0.039 [0.019, 0.056], SRMR = 0.037). Perceived stress and hedonic use were positive predictors of SA (β = 0.264, p = .001 and β = 0.176, p = .002, respectively). Satisfaction with life did not directly predict SA, but an indirect effect, via perceived stress, was statistically significant (β = −0.146, p = .001). Women showed greater SA than men, but the effect of age was not significant. Perceived stress was negatively predicted by satisfaction with life, and positively by hedonic use. Based on the compensatory internet use theory, hedonic or non-utilitarian smartphone use might be associated with SA. The study concludes that being female, hedonic smartphone use, and perceived life stress predict SA

청소년기 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 심리학과, 2021. 2. 곽금주.The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction. With the increased usage of smartphones among adolescents, numerous studies have examined smartphone addiction. However, most studies focused on the negative consequences of smartphone addiction, and relatively few studies investigated how adolescents become addicted to smartphones. In fact, no known studies have reported the association between stress, grit, and smartphone addiction among adolescents. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between stress, grit, and smartphone addiction among Korean adolescents from age 12 to 16. Particularly, we focused on the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between daily stress and smartphone addiction. Participants were 605 Korean adolescents (mean age = 13.97 years). They completed questionnaires measuring stress, grit, and smartphone addiction. Stress was assessed using the Daily Hassles Scales for Children in Korea developed by Han and Yoo (1995). Grit was measured by the Korean translated version of the Original Grit Scale (Duckworth et al., 2007; Park et al., 2020). Finally, smartphone addiction was measured by using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth developed by the National Information Society Agency (2011). We analyzed the association of stress, grit, smartphone addiction through Pearson’s correlation analysis. The mediating effect was analyzed by using PROCESS macro version 3.5, and bootstrapping was conducted to test the significance of the mediating effect. The main findings were as follows. First, adolescent stress significantly influenced smartphone addiction. Second, grit had a significant influence on smartphone addiction. Finally, grit partially mediated the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction. In other words, high levels of stress reduced grit, which in turn increased the smartphone addiction proneness. In addition, two factors of grit (consistency of interest and perseverance of effort) both mediated the association between stress and smartphone addiction. These results indicate that adolescent's daily stress may be a potential risk factor for smartphone addiction. Furthermore, by demonstrating the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction, the present study revealed that stress leads to smartphone addiction through lowered grit. This suggests that high level of grit is an important personal factor that may prevent the path of stress to smartphone addiction. Our study is meaningful in that it is the first study to empirically investigate adolescent's grit in relation to stress and smartphone addiction. Moreover, this study can provide useful information about prevention and intervention strategies for smartphone addiction. Limitations and directions for future studies are discussed.본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과가 나타나는지 알아보는 것이다. 청소년의 스마트폰 이용이 증가함에 따라 많은 선행 연구들은 스마트폰 중독의 관련 요인에 대해 연구해왔다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 스마트폰 중독으로 인한 부정적 결과를 중심적으로 다루었으며 청소년들이 어떻게 스마트폰 중독에 이르게 되는지 그 경로에 대한 탐색은 상대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 특히 한국 청소년들을 대상으로 스트레스, 그릿, 그리고 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 탐색한 연구는 전무하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 12세에서 16세 한국 청소년들을 대상으로 스트레스, 그릿, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 알아보았다. 더불어 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과가 나타나는지 알아보았다. 본 연구에는 605명의 한국 청소년들이 참여하였으며 (평균 연령 = 13.97세), 참여자들은 스트레스, 그릿, 스마트폰 중독을 측정하는 설문지를 완료하였다. 스트레스는 한국아동의 일상적 스트레스 척도(Han & Yoo, 1995)를 사용하여 측정하였으며, 그릿은 Original Grit Scale의 번안된 척도(Duckworth et al., 2007; Park et al., 2020)로 측정하였다. 마지막으로, 스마트폰 중독은 한국정보화진흥원(2011)에서 개발한 청소년용 스마트폰 중독 자가진단 척도를 사용하여 측정하였다. 먼저 Pearson의 상관분석을 사용하여 스트레스, 그릿, 스마트폰 중독의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 또한, 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과가 나타나는지 검증하기 위하여 Hayes(2017)의 PROCESS macro를 실시하였고, 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하기 위해 부트스트래핑(Bootstrapping)을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 스트레스는 스마트폰 중독에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 청소년의 그릿은 스마트폰 중독에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로, 그릿은 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 스트레스가 높을수록, 그릿은 낮아지고, 이는 청소년의 스마트폰 중독 성향을 높이는 경향이 있었다. 게다가, 그릿의 두 하위 요소 (노력 지속과 흥미 유지) 모두 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 부분 매개하였다. 이러한 결과는 청소년의 일상적 스트레스가 스마트폰 중독의 잠재적 위험 요인이 될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 더불어 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿이 매개 역할을 한다는 것을 검증함으로써 본 연구는 스트레스가 스마트폰 중독으로 이어지는 기제를 밝혔으며 그릿이 청소년기 스마트폰 중독 위험성을 완화하는 개인적 요인이 될 수 있다는 것을 밝혔다. 본 연구는 청소년기 그릿을 스트레스, 스마트폰 중독과 연관시켜 탐색한 첫번째 경험적 연구이며 스마트폰 중독의 예방과 개입에 도움을 줄 수 있는 정보를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 학문적 의의가 있다. 논의에는 이 연구의 한계점과 추후 연구 방향에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 The Current Study 9 Theoretical Background 12 Stress and Smartphone Addiction 12 Grit and Smartphone Addiction 17 Stress and Grit 25 Research Questions and Hypotheses 28 Method 30 Participants 30 Measures 30 Procedures 32 Results 34 Descriptive Statistics among Stress, Grit, and Smartphone Addiction 35 Correlations between Stress, Grit, and Smartphone Addiction 38 Grit as a Mediator in the Relationship between Stress and Smartphone Addiction 41 Discussion 46 References 54 국문초록 78Maste

Types of smartphone usage and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A review of literature

This review aimed to provide an overview of the influence of social and process smartphone use on problematic smartphone use (PSU) among adolescents aged between 10-24 years old. Social smartphone use comprises three types of smartphone features: social networking sites, chatting/texting/instant messaging, and video/phone calls. On the other hand, categories of process smartphone use include watching videos/television/movies, web surfing, playing games, listening to music/podcasts/radio, and educational learning. There were 42 studies with a total of 139,389 adolescents met the criteria for inclusion after a thorough search of academic databases. Overall, the evidence from the studies included in this review revealed that chatting/texting, video/phone calls, watching videos/television/movies and music/podcasts/radio were positively and significantly linked to and predicted problematic smartphone use. Social networking sites use, instant messaging, gaming, web surfing and educational learning yielded inconsistent results. They could have a positive or negative relationship with PSU and play a role in predicting PSU. More research is needed for music/podcasts/radio and video/phone calls because the results are still scarce

Internet and Smartphone Use-Related Addiction Health Problems: Treatment, Education and Research

This Special Issue presents some of the main emerging research on technological topics of health and education approaches to Internet use-related problems, before and during the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective is to provide an overview to facilitate a comprehensive and practical approach to these new trends to promote research, interventions, education, and prevention. It contains 40 papers, four reviews and thirty-five empirical papers and an editorial introducing everything in a rapid review format. Overall, the empirical ones are of a relational type, associating specific behavioral addictive problems with individual factors, and a few with contextual factors, generally in adult populations. Many have adapted scales to measure these problems, and a few cover experiments and mixed methods studies. The reviews tend to be about the concepts and measures of these problems, intervention options, and prevention. In summary, it seems that these are a global culture trend impacting health and educational domains. Internet use-related addiction problems have emerged in almost all societies, and strategies to cope with them are under development to offer solutions to these contemporary challenges, especially during the pandemic situation that has highlighted the global health problems that we have, and how to holistically tackle them