Horno cementero rotatorio: una revisión al control mediante sistemas expertos

This article presents a review of research carried out using different control strategies applied in rotary cement kilns, a system where clinker is manufactured, an essential material for cement production. This exploration mentions studies that have been developed from the eighties to the present, highlighting in each one the control methodology used, the benefits obtained in the process and its future applications, in order to provide the reader with a global vision of the use of control techniques for rotary cement kilns and how scientific advances, over the years, have contributed to this industry in the efficiency and improvement of its production processes; therefore, contributions and control methods such as expert systems (ES), model predictive control (MPC), artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic are mentioned. At the end of the aforementioned review, it is inferred that artificial intelligence and industry 4.0 technologies that are currently available such as cloud computing, the processing of large volumes of data, the use of digital twins, the execution of machine learning algorithms and it’s prediction tools, together with the application of ES and other control techniques mentioned, would allow advanced control, which can respond satisfactorily to current production needs and offer multiple benefits such as response time control, stability, and improvements in production and material quality in a rotary kiln.Este artículo presenta una revisión de investigaciones realizadas mediante diferentes estrategias de control aplicadas en hornos cementeros rotatorios, sistema donde se da la fabricación de clínker, material indispensable para la elaboración del cemento. Esta exploración menciona estudios que se han desarrollado desde los años ochenta hasta el presente, destacando en cada una la metodología de control utilizada, los beneficios obtenidos en el proceso y sus futuras aplicaciones, esto con el fin de brindar al lector una visión global del uso de técnicas de control para hornos cementeros rotatorios y de cómo los avances científicos, con el paso de los años, han contribuido a esta industria en la eficiencia y mejora de sus procesos productivos; por tanto, se mencionan aportes y métodos de control como sistemas expertos (SE), control predictivo basado en modelo (MPC), redes neuronales artificiales y lógica difusa. Al finalizar la mencionada revisión se infiere que tecnologías de inteligencia artificial y de la industria 4.0 que se tienen actualmente como la computación en la nube, el procesamiento de grandes volúmenes de datos, el uso de los gemelos digitales, la ejecución de algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (machine learning) y sus herramientas de predicción, junto con la aplicación de SE y demás técnicas de control mencionadas, permitirían realizar un control avanzado, que pueda responder de forma satisfactoria a las necesidades de producción actuales y ofrecer múltiples beneficios como el tiempo de respuesta del control, la estabilidad, y mejoras en producción y calidad del material en un horno rotatorio

New Methods for ferrous raw materials characterization in electric steelmaking

425 p.In the siderurgical sector, the steel scrap is the most important raw material in electric steelmaking,contributing between 70% of the total production costs. It is well-known how the degree of which thescrap mix can be optimized, and also the degree of which the melting operation can be controlled andautomated, is limited by the knowledge of the properties of the scrap and other raw-materials in thecharge mix.Therefore, it is of strategic importance having accurate information about the scrap composition of thedifferent steel scrap types. In other words, knowing scrap characteristics is a key point in order to managethe steel-shop resources, optimize the scrap charge mix/composition at the electric arc furnace (EAF),increase the plant productivity, minimize the environmental footprint of steelmaking activities and tohave the lowest total cost of ownership of the plant.As a main objective of present doctoral thesis, the doctorate will provide new tools and methods of scrapcharacterization to increase the current recycling ration, through better knowledge of the quality of thescrap, and thus go in the direction of a 100% recycling ratio. In order to achieve it, two main workinglines were developed in present research. Firstly, it was analysed not only the different existingmethodologies for scrap characterization and EAF process optimization, but also to develop new methodsor combination of existing, Secondly, it was defined a general recommendations guide for implementingthese methods based on the specifics of each plant

Gasification for Practical Applications

Although there were many books and papers that deal with gasification, there has been only a few practical book explaining the technology in actual application and the market situation in reality. Gasification is a key technology in converting coal, biomass, and wastes to useful high-value products. Until renewable energy can provide affordable energy hopefully by the year 2030, gasification can bridge the transition period by providing the clean liquid fuels, gas, and chemicals from the low grade feedstock. Gasification still needs many upgrades and technology breakthroughs. It remains in the niche market, not fully competitive in the major market of electricity generation, chemicals, and liquid fuels that are supplied from relatively cheap fossil fuels. The book provides the practical information for researchers and graduate students who want to review the current situation, to upgrade, and to bring in a new idea to the conventional gasification technologies

A History of Materials and Technologies Development

The purpose of the book is to provide the students with the text that presents an introductory knowledge about the development of materials and technologies and includes the most commonly available information on human development. The idea of the publication has been generated referring to the materials taken from the organic and non-organic evolution of nature. The suggested texts might be found a purposeful tool for the University students proceeding with studying engineering due to the fact that all subjects in this particular field more or less have to cover the history and development of the studied object. It is expected that studying different materials and technologies will help the students with a better understanding of driving forces, positive and negative consequences of technological development, etc