3,539 research outputs found
From Trend Analysis to Virtual World System Design Requirement Satisfaction Study
Virtual worlds have become global platforms connecting millions of people and
containing various technologies. The development of technology, shift of market
value, and change of user preference shape the features of virtual worlds. In
this paper, we first study the new features of virtual worlds and emergent
requirements of system development through trend analysis. Based on the trend
analysis, we constructed the new design requirement space. We then discuss the
requirement satisfaction of existing virtual world system architectures and
highlight their limitations through a literature survey. The comparison of
existing system architectures sheds some light on future virtual world system
development to match the changing trends of the user market. At the end of this
study, we briefly introduce our ongoing study, a new architecture, called
Virtual Net, and discuss its possibility in requirement satisfaction and new
research challenges.Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures, 2 table
Blockchain-based Smart Contracts - Applications and Challenges
A blockchain-based smart contract or a "smart contract" for short, is a
computer program intended to digitally facilitate the negotiation or
contractual terms directly between users when certain conditions are met. With
the advance in blockchain technology, smart contracts are being used to serve a
wide range of purposes ranging from self-managed identities on public
blockchains to automating business collaboration on permissioned blockchains.
In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of smart contracts with a
focus on existing applications and challenges they face
On the Convergence of Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology will soon become an integral part of
our daily lives to facilitate the control and monitoring of processes and
objects and revolutionize the ways that human interacts with the physical
world. For all features of IoT to become fully functional in practice, there
are several obstacles on the way to be surmounted and critical challenges to be
addressed. These include, but are not limited to cybersecurity, data privacy,
energy consumption, and scalability. The Blockchain decentralized nature and
its multi-faceted procedures offer a useful mechanism to tackle several of
these IoT challenges. However, applying the Blockchain protocols to IoT without
considering their tremendous computational loads, delays, and bandwidth
overhead can let to a new set of problems. This review evaluates some of the
main challenges we face in the integration of Blockchain and IoT technologies
and provides insights and high-level solutions that can potentially handle the
shortcomings and constraints of both IoT and Blockchain technologies.Comment: Includes 11 Pages, 3 Figures, To publish in Journal of Strategic
Innovation and Sustainability for issue JSIS 14(1
A Case Study for Blockchain in Manufacturing: "FabRec": A Prototype for Peer-to-Peer Network of Manufacturing Nodes
With product customization an emerging business opportunity, organizations
must find ways to collaborate and enable sharing of information in an
inherently trustless network. In this paper, we propose - "FabRec": a
decentralized approach to handle manufacturing information generated by various
organizations using blockchain technology. We propose a system in which a
decentralized network of manufacturing machines and computing nodes can enable
automated transparency of an organization's capability, third party
verification of such capability through a trail of past historic events and
automated mechanisms to drive paperless contracts between participants using
'smart contracts'. Our system decentralizes critical information about the
manufacturer and makes it available on a peer-to-peer network composed of
fiduciary nodes to ensure transparency and data provenance through a verifiable
audit trail. We present a testbed platform through a combination of
manufacturing machines, system-on-chip platforms and computing nodes to
demonstrate mechanisms through which a consortium of disparate organizations
can communicate through a decentralized network. Our prototype testbed
demonstrates the value of computer code residing on a decentralized network for
verification of information on the blockchain and ways in which actions can be
autonomously initiated in the physical world. This paper intends to expose
system elements in preparation for much larger field tests through the working
prototype and discusses the future potential of blockchain for manufacturing
IT
Privacy in Blockchain Systems
In this literature review, we first briefly provide an introduction on the
privacy aspect of blockchain systems and why it is a difficult quality to
achieve, especially using traditional methods. Next, we go over a wide range of
different strategies and techniques, along with their respective empirical
implementations. Starting with approaches that attempted to provide privacy on
Bitcoin/existing blockchain systems, then going into more advanced techniques,
such as secure multi-party computations, ring signatures, and zero knowledge
proofs, that construct a more advanced blockchain system from scratch with the
objective of preserving privacy. Finally, we conclude that the current state of
privacy on blockchains still needs work for it to be reliable. Nevertheless,
the field of privacy in this domain is developing and advancing at a rapid
rate
The Curses of Blockchain Decentralization
Decentralization, which has backed the hyper growth of many blockchains,
comes at the cost of scalability. To understand this fundamental limitation,
this paper proposes a quantitative measure of blockchain decentralization, and
discusses its implications to various trust models and consensus algorithms.
Further, we identify the major challenges in blockchain decentralization. Our
key findings are that true decentralization is hard to achieve due to the
skewed mining power and that a fully decentralized blockchain inherently limits
scalability as it incurs a throughput upper bound and prevents scaling smart
contract execution. To address these challenges, we outline three research
directions to explore the trade-offs between decentralization and scalability
Blockchain for Economically Sustainable Wireless Mesh Networks
Decentralization, in the form of mesh networking and blockchain, two
promising technologies, is coming to the telecommunications industry. Mesh
networking allows wider low cost Internet access with infrastructures built
from routers contributed by diverse owners, while blockchain enables
transparency and accountability for investments, revenue or other forms of
economic compensations from sharing of network traffic, content and services.
Crowdsourcing network coverage, combined with crowdfunding costs, can create
economically sustainable yet decentralized Internet access. This means every
participant can invest in resources, and pay or be paid for usage to recover
the costs of network devices and maintenance. While mesh networks and mesh
routing protocols enable self-organized networks that expand organically,
cryptocurrencies and smart contracts enable the economic coordination among
network providers and consumers. We explore and evaluate two existing
blockchain software stacks, Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) and Ethereum geth with
Proof of Authority (PoA) intended as a local lightweight distributed ledger,
deployed in a real city-wide production mesh network and also in laboratory
network. We quantify the performance, bottlenecks and identify the current
limitations and opportunities for improvement to serve locally the needs of
wireless mesh networks, without the privacy and economic cost of relying on
public blockchains.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1804.0056
Untangling Blockchain: A Data Processing View of Blockchain Systems
Blockchain technologies are gaining massive momentum in the last few years.
Blockchains are distributed ledgers that enable parties who do not fully trust
each other to maintain a set of global states. The parties agree on the
existence, values and histories of the states. As the technology landscape is
expanding rapidly, it is both important and challenging to have a firm grasp of
what the core technologies have to offer, especially with respect to their data
processing capabilities. In this paper, we first survey the state of the art,
focusing on private blockchains (in which parties are authenticated). We
analyze both in-production and research systems in four dimensions: distributed
ledger, cryptography, consensus protocol and smart contract. We then present
BLOCKBENCH, a benchmarking framework for understanding performance of private
blockchains against data processing workloads. We conduct a comprehensive
evaluation of three major blockchain systems based on BLOCKBENCH, namely
Ethereum, Parity and Hyperledger Fabric. The results demonstrate several
trade-offs in the design space, as well as big performance gaps between
blockchain and database systems. Drawing from design principles of database
systems, we discuss several research directions for bringing blockchain
performance closer to the realm of databases.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1703.0405
Private Data Objects: an Overview
We present Private Data Objects (PDOs), a technology that enables mutually
untrusted parties to run smart contracts over private data. PDOs result from
the integration of a distributed ledger and Intel Secure Guard Extensions
(SGX). In particular, contracts run off-ledger in secure enclaves using Intel
SGX, which preserves data confidentiality, execution integrity and enforces
data access policies (as opposed to raw data access). A distributed ledger
verifies and records transactions produced by PDOs, in order to provide a
single authoritative instance of such objects. This allows contracting parties
to retrieve and check data related to contract and enclave instances, as well
as to serialize and commit contract state updates. The design and the
development of PDOs is an ongoing research effort, and open source code is
available and hosted by Hyperledger Labs [5, 7]
Towards Distributed Clouds
This review focuses on the evolution of cloud computing and distributed
ledger technologies (blockchains) over the last decade. Cloud computing relies
mainly on a conceptually centralized service provisioning model, while
blockchain technologies originate from a peer-to-peer and a completely
distributed approach. Still, noteworthy commonalities between both approaches
are often overlooked by researchers. Therefore, to the best of the authors
knowledge, this paper reviews both domains in parallel for the first time. We
conclude that both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. The advantages
of centralized service provisioning approaches are often the disadvantages of
distributed ledger approaches and vice versa. It is obviously an interesting
question whether both approaches could be combined in a way that the advantages
can be added while the disadvantages could be avoided. We derive a software
stack that could build the foundation unifying the best of these two worlds and
that would avoid existing shortcomings like vendor lock-in, some security
problems, and inherent platform dependencies
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