The perception of emotion in artificial agents

Given recent technological developments in robotics, artificial intelligence and virtual reality, it is perhaps unsurprising that the arrival of emotionally expressive and reactive artificial agents is imminent. However, if such agents are to become integrated into our social milieu, it is imperative to establish an understanding of whether and how humans perceive emotion in artificial agents. In this review, we incorporate recent findings from social robotics, virtual reality, psychology, and neuroscience to examine how people recognize and respond to emotions displayed by artificial agents. First, we review how people perceive emotions expressed by an artificial agent, such as facial and bodily expressions and vocal tone. Second, we evaluate the similarities and differences in the consequences of perceived emotions in artificial compared to human agents. Besides accurately recognizing the emotional state of an artificial agent, it is critical to understand how humans respond to those emotions. Does interacting with an angry robot induce the same responses in people as interacting with an angry person? Similarly, does watching a robot rejoice when it wins a game elicit similar feelings of elation in the human observer? Here we provide an overview of the current state of emotion expression and perception in social robotics, as well as a clear articulation of the challenges and guiding principles to be addressed as we move ever closer to truly emotional artificial agents

Focused on the Role of Surprise, Threat, and Anthropomorphism

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경영대학 경영학과, 2020. 8. 이경미.Art has long been considered a creative domain that is exclusive to human beings, but now people are exposed to artworks created by artificial intelligence (AI). AI can be an autonomous artist and also collaborate with other human artists. It is becoming more important to understand how people feel and think toward artworks created by AI because AI technology is rapidly developing, and AI is seeking to take over domains that are considered to be exclusive to humans. The current research examines whether consumers emotion of interest differs based on the types of artist(s) (AI artist vs. AI and human collaboration vs. human artist) and further examines the effect of anthropomorphism. In study 1, it is proposed that consumers emotion of interest will differ whether the artworks are created by (1) an AI artist, (2) a collaboration between an AI artist and a human artist, or (3) a human artist. Surprise and perceived threat to human uniqueness are suggested as mediators for explaining the effect of artist type on consumers interest. In study 1, 473 participants showed the highest interest when the artist was AI and the lowest interest when the artist was human. There was a significant difference in interest between the AI condition and the human condition. But there was no significant difference in interest between the AI condition and the collaboration condition, and between the collaboration condition and the human condition. The effect of artist type on consumers interest is driven by surprise and perceived threat to human uniqueness. In study 2, it is proposed that consumers interest in the artists paintings will differ whether the artist is (1) an anthropomorphic AI, (2) a non-anthropomorphic AI, or (3) a human. This effect is suggested to be serially mediated by surprise and interest in the artist. In study 2, 290 participants showed higher interest in anthropomorphic AIs paintings than a non-anthropomorphic AIs or human artists paintings. But there was no significant difference in consumers interest in the artists paintings between the non-anthropomorphic condition and the human artist condition. Results support that the effect of anthropomorphism on consumers interest in the artists paintings is serially mediated by surprise and interest in the artist. This research makes theoretical contributions to the literature on AI and marketing by providing information that people are surprised but also threatened by AI art. Consequently, people are interested in art created by AI more than art created by other types of artists. This research makes another theoretical contribution by identifying the underlying psychological mechanisms that are affective and cognitive. The effect of anthropomorphism also suggests that people feel more interest in anthropomorphic AIs paintings than humans or non-anthropomorphic AIs. This research also has a practical implication because companies that make AI art or conduct AI art projects can establish strategic plans for those who may be most interested in AI artworks.최근 들어 사람들은 인공지능이 창작한 예술 작품에 더 노출되고 있다. 기술이 빠르게 발전하고 인공지능이 일반 대중에게 더 친숙해지고 있기 때문에 사람들이 인공지능으로 만든 예술 작품에 대해 어떻게 느끼고 생각하는지 이해하는 것이 중요해지고 있다. 특히 예술은 오랜 시간 동안 인간의 고유한 창작 영역으로 여겨져 왔기 때문에 연구의 필요성은 커지고 있다. 본 연구는 (1) 예술가의 유형 (인공지능 vs. 인공지능과 인간 간의 협업 vs. 인간)과 (2) 인공지능 예술가가 의인화된 정도 (의인화된 인공지능 vs. 의인화되지 않은 인공지능 vs. 인간)가 소비자의 흥미(interest)에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 한다. 연구 1에서는 소비자들의 흥미가 예술가의 유형에 따라 다르게 나타나는지 살펴보고자 한다. 구체적으로, 예술가가 인공지능일 때 흥미가 가장 크게 나타나고 예술가가 인간일 때 흥미가 가장 낮게 나타날 것으로 예상된다. 예술가의 유형이 소비자의 흥미에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 변수로써 놀라움과 인간의 고유성에 대한 위협감을 제시하고자 한다. 연구 1 (n = 473)은 예술가의 유형이 소비자들의 흥미에 미치는 효과를 검증하였다. 참가자들의 흥미는 인공지능, 협업, 인간 예술가 순으로 컸으며, 인공지능 조건과 인간 조건 사이에서 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 참가자들의 흥미는 인공지능 조건과 협업 조건, 그리고 협업 조건과 인간 조건 사이에서 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한편으로, 예술가 유형이 소비자의 흥미에 미치는 영향은 놀라움과 인간의 고유성에 대한 위협감에 의해 매개되었다. 구체적으로, 놀라움과 인간의 고유성에 대한 위협감은 예술가가 인공지능일 때 가장 높았고, 인간일 때 가장 낮았다. 연구 2에서는 예술가가 의인화된 정도에 따라 소비자들의 흥미가 달라지는지 확인하고자 한다. 소비자들의 흥미는 예술가가 의인화된 인공지능일 때 가장 클 것이며, 의인화의 정도가 예술가의 작품에 대한 소비자의 흥미에 미치는 영향은 놀라움과 예술가에 대한 흥미에 의해 연속적으로 매개될 것으로 예상된다. 연구 2 (n = 290)는 의인화된 인공지능 예술가의 작품에 대한 소비자들의 흥미에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 참가자들은 의인화되지 않은 인공지능이나 인간의 예술 작품보다 의인화된 인공지능의 작품에 더 큰 흥미를 보였다. 이러한 주효과는 놀라움과 예술가에 대한 흥미에 의해 연속적으로 매개됨을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 인공지능 예술에 대한 소비자들의 감정적 그리고 인식적 반응을 분석하였다. 특히, 예술가의 유형이 소비자의 흥미에 미치는 효과는 놀라움과 인간의 고유성에 대한 위협감에 의해 매개되었다. 또한, 의인화가 예술가의 작품에 대한 소비자의 흥미에 미치는 효과는 놀라움과 예술가에 대한 흥미에 의해 매개된다는 정보를 제공함으로써 인공지능과 마케팅에 관한 문헌에 기여한다. 결과적으로 사람들은 인공지능이 창작한 작품에 흥미를 가지며, 특히 의인화된 인공지능 예술가일 경우 의인화되지 않은 인공지능과 인간이 예술가일 때보다 소비자들의 흥미를 더 이끌어낸다는 점을 확인하였다. 인공지능 예술을 창작하거나 인공지능 예술 프로젝트를 진행하는 기업들은 이 정보를 바탕으로 효과적인 전략을 세울 수 있다는 점에서 이 연구는 실질적인 시사점을 보이고 있다.I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 2.1 Computational Creativity 4 2.2 Artificial Intelligence Art 5 2.3 Surprise and Interest – Incongruent Emotions 6 2.4 Perceived Threat to Human Uniqueness 9 2.5 Anthropomorphism 10 III. RESEARCH MODEL 13 3.1 Hypotheses 13 3.2 Overview of Studies 15 IV. STUDY 1 17 4.1 Method 17 4.2 Results and Discussion 20 V. STUDY 2 24 5.1 Method 24 5.2 Results and Discussion 27 VI. GENERAL DISCUSSION 31 6.1 Theoretical and Practical Implications 31 6.2 Limitations and Future Research 33 VII. REFERENCES 35 VIII. APPENDIX 43 요약(국문초록) 50Maste

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