9,067 research outputs found
The informativeness principle without the first-order approach
Holmström (1979) provides a condition for a signal to have positive value assuming the validity of the first-order approach. This paper extends Holmström's analysis to settings where the first-order approach may not hold. We provide a new condition for a signal to have positive value that takes non-local incentive constraints into account and holds generically. Our condition is the weakest condition possible in the absence of restrictions on the utility function
On valid descriptive inference from non-probability sample
We examine the conditions under which descriptive inference can be based
directly on the observed distribution in a non-probability sample, under both
the super-population and quasi-randomisation modelling approaches. Review of
existing estimation methods reveals that the traditional formulation of these
conditions may be inadequate due to potential issues of under-coverage or
heterogeneous mean beyond the assumed model. We formulate unifying conditions
that are applicable to both type of modelling approaches. The difficulties of
empirically validating the required conditions are discussed, as well as valid
inference approaches using supplementary probability sampling. The key message
is that probability sampling may still be necessary in some situations, in
order to ensure the validity of descriptive inference, but it can be much less
resource-demanding provided the presence of a big non-probability sample
Verbal Response Modes in Action:Microrelationships as the Building Blocks of Relationship Role Dimensions
Dimensions of interpersonal relationships, such as attentiveness, directiveness, and presumptuousness, have typically been assessed through impressionistic ratings or by aggregate scores derived from coding of specific (e.g., verbal) behaviors. However, the meanings of these dimensions rest on the interpersonal microrelationships that are actually observed by the raters or coders. In this qualitative study, the way these global relationship qualities were built from microrelationships at the utterance level was examined in passages from one medical interaction. Applications of microrelationships to future communications research are suggested
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