24,763 research outputs found
Slave to the Algorithm? Why a \u27Right to an Explanation\u27 Is Probably Not the Remedy You Are Looking For
Algorithms, particularly machine learning (ML) algorithms, are increasingly important to individualsâ lives, but have caused a range of concerns revolving mainly around unfairness, discrimination and opacity. Transparency in the form of a âright to an explanationâ has emerged as a compellingly attractive remedy since it intuitively promises to open the algorithmic âblack boxâ to promote challenge, redress, and hopefully heightened accountability. Amidst the general furore over algorithmic bias we describe, any remedy in a storm has looked attractive. However, we argue that a right to an explanation in the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is unlikely to present a complete remedy to algorithmic harms, particularly in some of the core âalgorithmic war storiesâ that have shaped recent attitudes in this domain. Firstly, the law is restrictive, unclear, or even paradoxical concerning when any explanation-related right can be triggered. Secondly, even navigating this, the legal conception of explanations as âmeaningful information about the logic of processingâ may not be provided by the kind of ML âexplanationsâ computer scientists have developed, partially in response. ML explanations are restricted both by the type of explanation sought, the dimensionality of the domain and the type of user seeking an explanation. However, âsubject-centric explanations (SCEs) focussing on particular regions of a model around a query show promise for interactive exploration, as do explanation systems based on learning a model from outside rather than taking it apart (pedagogical versus decompositional explanations) in dodging developers\u27 worries of intellectual property or trade secrets disclosure. Based on our analysis, we fear that the search for a âright to an explanationâ in the GDPR may be at best distracting, and at worst nurture a new kind of âtransparency fallacy.â But all is not lost. We argue that other parts of the GDPR related (i) to the right to erasure ( right to be forgotten ) and the right to data portability; and (ii) to privacy by design, Data Protection Impact Assessments and certification and privacy seals, may have the seeds we can use to make algorithms more responsible, explicable, and human-centered
CONVERGENCES AND CONTROVERSY ON THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The standardization issue starts with the accounting theories and the interface between them and accounting practices. The plural of accounting theories is explained by the fact that literature defines several theories, which differ both in their content and their origin and genesis . Although it seems an extravagant expression, the notion of accounting theory underlying the accounting literature, particularly the Anglo-Saxon one and less the Continental one, is true. The accounting theory is described by J. F. Imke as an organized group of knowledge, characterized by order, motivations, connections, objectives and methods used in accounting. A classification of accounting theories addresses the following classes: descriptive theories, regulatory theories and explanatory theories.financial statements, harmonization, convergences
THE TRUE AND FAIR VIEW CONCEPT IN ROMANIA: A CASE STUDY OF CONCEPT TRANSFERABILITY
There is an enormous literature relating to the true and fair view (hereafter TFV). We are concerned with how the concept is actually perceived by various actors in an emerging economy which has only recently joined the European Union, i.e. Romania. Romania has a code law system with an obvious preference for the legal form. Two main steps have been taken for the purpose of our study. First, textual analysis of all accounting regulations has been performed with respect to the provisions regarding the TFV concept. Second, nine in-depth semi-structured interviews have been conducted with top representatives of the Romanian regulator, preparers, auditors and professional bodies. The perception on TFV depends firstly on the category: for auditors, this is a guide or a vital concept, closely related to substance over form, relevance and usefulness for users, while for regulators and preparers, TFV is primarily compliance with the rules.true and fair view ; true and fair view override ; Romania
Catalyzing Privacy Law
The United States famously lacks a comprehensive federal data privacy law. In the past year, however, over half the states have proposed broad privacy bills or have established task forces to propose possible privacy legislation. Meanwhile, congressional committees are holding hearings on multiple privacy bills. What is catalyzing this legislative momentum? Some believe that Europeâs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into force in 2018, is the driving factor. But with the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) which took effect in January 2020, California has emerged as an alternate contender in the race to set the new standard for privacy.Our close comparison of the GDPR and Californiaâs privacy law reveals that the California law is not GDPR-lite: it retains a fundamentally American approach to information privacy. Reviewing the literature on regulatory competition, we argue that California, not Brussels, is catalyzing privacy law across the United States. And what is happening is not a simple story of powerful state actors. It is more accurately characterized as the result of individual networked norm entrepreneurs, influenced and even empowered by data globalization. Our study helps explain the puzzle of why Europeâs data privacy approach failed to spur US legislation for over two decades. Finally, our study answers critical questions of practical interest to individualsâwho will protect my privacy?âand to businessesâwhose rules should I follow
Online Personal Data Processing and EU Data Protection Reform. CEPS Task Force Report, April 2013
This report sheds light on the fundamental questions and underlying tensions between current policy objectives, compliance strategies and global trends in online personal data processing, assessing the existing and future framework in terms of effective regulation and public policy. Based on the discussions among the members of the CEPS Digital Forum and independent research carried out by the rapporteurs, policy conclusions are derived with the aim of making EU data protection policy more fit for purpose in todayâs online technological context. This report constructively engages with the EU data protection framework, but does not provide a textual analysis of the EU data protection reform proposal as such
The Growing Importance of Risk in Financial Regulation
This paper traces the developments that have contributed to the importance of risk in
regulation. Not only does it consider theories associated with risk, it also discusses
explanations as to why risk has become so important within regulatory and governmental
circles. Two forms of risk regulation, namely risk based regulation and meta regulation are
considered. As well as considering the application of both in jurisdictions such as the UK, the
paper places greater focus in discussing the importance of meta regulation in jurisdictions
such as Germany, Italy and the US. The preference for meta regulation is based on the
premises, not only of the advantages considered in this paper but also on the application of
Basel 11 in several jurisdictions. Whilst meta regulation also has its disadvantages, the
impact of risk based regulation on the use of external auditors plays a part in the preference
for meta regulation
Regulating sustainable construction in Europe: An inquiry into the European Commission's harmonization attempts
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is first, to gain insight into how the European member states have addressed the concept of sustainability in their building regulatory frameworks; and second, to gain insight in the effects of harmonization attempts o
The Growing Importance of Risk in Regulation
This paper traces the developments that have contributed to the importance of risk in regulation. Not only does it consider theories associated with risk, it also discusses explanations as to why risk has become so important within regulatory and governmental circles. Two forms of risk regulation, namely risk based regulation and meta regulation are considered. As well as considering the application of both in jurisdictions such as the UK, the paper places greater focus in discussing the importance of meta regulation in jurisdictions such as Germany, Italy and the US. The preference for meta regulation is based on the premises, not only of the advantages considered in this paper but also on the application of Basel 11 in several jurisdictions. Whilst meta regulation also has its disadvantages, the impact of risk based regulation on the use of external auditors plays a part in the preference for meta regulation.meta regulation; enforced self regulation;risk; compliance
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