OPERACIJE UJEDINjENIH NACIJA ZA IZGRADNjU MIRA I POJAM «ODRŽIVOG MIRA»

The end of Cold War and the outbreak of highly destructive civil conflicts across the globe mandated a new approach to human security that would go beyond the constraints contained in the principle of state sovereignty. The peacebuilding strategies became its embodiment while the United Nations grow into an international workshop in which new, complex peacebuilding missions were born. The institution building directed at creating stable institutions of democratic governance and market economy gained prominent place in these new types of peace operations. Further development of the peacebuilding praxis lead to the raise of international administration missions the main feature of which was exercise of quasi-governmental functions in the war-torn countries. The notion of "sustainable peace" is key for understanding of the way in which these new types of UN missions were devised, what is their relationship with the conflict resolution theories and to which extent they match to the vision from which they rose.Završetak Hladnog rata i širenje građanskih sukoba postavili su nove izazove pri rešavanju pitanja globale bezbednosti. Potreba da se pronađu načini uspostavljanja bezbednosti koji više ne bi bili sputani načelom suvereniteta rezultirala je pojavom strategija za izgradnju mira (”peacebuilding”). Ujedinjene nacije su postale međunarodna radionica u kojoj su se rađale kompleksne misije za izgradnju mira. Podizanje i osnaživanje institucija demokratije i tržišne privrede dobili su centralno mesto u mirovnim misijama koje su vremenom počele da obuhvataju i upravljanje teritorijama na kojima su uspostavljane. Pojam ”održivog mira” ključan je za razumevanje načina na koji su ove novovremenske misije Ujedinjenih nacija koncipirane, njihovog odnosa sa savremenim teorijama o rešavanju sukoba i njihove suštinske usklađenosti sa vizijom iz koje su potekle

Reflections on Mira : interactive evaluation in information retrieval

Evaluation in information retrieval (IR) has focussed largely on noninteractive evaluation of text retrieval systems. This is increasingly at odds with how people use modern IR systems: in highly interactive settings to access linked, multimedia information. Furthermore, this approach ignores potential improvements through better interface design. In 1996 the Commission of the European Union Information Technologies Programme, funded a three year working group, Mira, to discuss and advance research in the area of evaluation frameworks for interactive and multimedia IR applications. Led by Keith van Rijsbergen, Steve Draper and myself from Glasgow University, this working group brought together many of the leading researchers in the evaluation domain from both the IR and human computer interaction (HCI) communities. This paper presents my personal view of the main lines of discussion that took place throughout Mira: importing and adapting evaluation techniques from HCI, evaluating at different levels as appropriate, evaluating against different types of relevance and the new challenges that drive the need for rethinking the old evaluation approaches. The paper concludes that we need to consider more varied forms of evaluation to complement engine evaluation

Mira: A Framework for Static Performance Analysis

The performance model of an application can pro- vide understanding about its runtime behavior on particular hardware. Such information can be analyzed by developers for performance tuning. However, model building and analyzing is frequently ignored during software development until perfor- mance problems arise because they require significant expertise and can involve many time-consuming application runs. In this paper, we propose a fast, accurate, flexible and user-friendly tool, Mira, for generating performance models by applying static program analysis, targeting scientific applications running on supercomputers. We parse both the source code and binary to estimate performance attributes with better accuracy than considering just source or just binary code. Because our analysis is static, the target program does not need to be executed on the target architecture, which enables users to perform analysis on available machines instead of conducting expensive exper- iments on potentially expensive resources. Moreover, statically generated models enable performance prediction on non-existent or unavailable architectures. In addition to flexibility, because model generation time is significantly reduced compared to dynamic analysis approaches, our method is suitable for rapid application performance analysis and improvement. We present several scientific application validation results to demonstrate the current capabilities of our approach on small benchmarks and a mini application

Hypersensitive response to Potato virus Y in potato cultivar Sárpo Mira is conferred by the Ny-Smira gene located on the long arm of chromosome IX

Potato virus Y (PVY, Potyvirus) is the fifth most important plant virus worldwide in terms of economic and scientific impact. It infects members of the family Solanaceae and causes losses in potato, tomato, tobacco, pepper and petunia production. In potato and its wild relatives, two types of resistance genes against PVY have been identified. While Ry genes confer symptomless extreme resistance, Ny genes cause a hypersensitive response visible as local necrosis that may also be able to prevent the virus from spreading under certain environmental conditions. The potato cultivar Sárpo Mira originates from Hungary and is highly resistant to PVY, although the source of this resistance remains unknown. We show that cv. Sárpo Mira reacts with a hypersensitive response leading to necrosis after PVY(NTN) infection in detached leaf, whole plant and grafting assays. The hypersensitivity to PVY(NTN) segregated amongst 140 individuals of tetraploid progeny of cvs. Sárpo Mira × Maris Piper in a 1:1 ratio, indicating that it was conferred by a single, dominant gene in simplex. Moreover, we identified five DNA markers linked to this trait and located the underlying locus (Ny-Smira) to the long arm of potato chromosome IX. This position corresponds to the location of the Ry(chc) and Ny-1 genes for PVY resistance. A simple PCR marker, located 1 cM from the Ny-Smira gene, can be recommended for selection of PVY-resistant progeny of cv. Sárpo Mira

Potato Blight (Phytophthora infestans) field demonstrations, 2004

The results are presented of a trial of 28 potato varieties, including 19 blight-resistant Sarpo varieties, at Llanrhystud in Ceredigion. The effects of compost tea preparations in protecting against blight were also studied

Continuous and Burst-like Accretion onto Substellar Companions in Mira Winds

We present numerical hydrodynamical modeling of the effects of a giant planet or brown dwarf companion orbiting within the extended atmosphere and wind formation zone of an approximately solar-mass Mira variable star. The large-scale, time-dependent accretion flows within the radially oscillating and outflowing circumstellar gas around Miras are related to Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton flows, but have not, to our knowledge, been previously modelled. The new models presented in this paper illustrate the changes in accretion and wake dynamics as the companion mass is varied over a range from 10 to 50 Jupiter masses ($M_J$). The character of the accretion onto the companion changes greatly as the companion mass is increased. At the lowest companion masses considered here, a low continuous rate of mass accretion is punctuated by large, nearly periodic bursts of accretion. When the companion mass is large, the mass accretion has both a continuous part, and a rapidly varying, nearly stochastic part. These trends can be understood as the result of the interplay between the shocks and radial oscillations in the circumstellar gas, and the wake flow behind the companion. Models with accretion bursts may produce observable optical brightenings, and may affect SiO maser emission. (Abridged)Comment: 16 pgs., 10 figures with low resolution versions of Figs. 1, 9. Accepted for publication in MNRA