The Importance of the Centrosomal Localization Sequence of Cyclin E for Promoting Centrosome Duplication: A Dissertation

This thesis comprises three separate studies that investigate the consequences of supernumary centrosomes, the effect of centrosome loss, and a control mechanism for regulating CDK2/cyclin E activity in centrosome duplication. The centrosome is the major microtubule-organizing center of the cell. When the cell enters mitosis, it is of critical importance that the cell has exactly two centrosomes in order to properly segregate the chromosomes to two daughter cells. Supernumary centrosomes are a problem for the cell in that they increase the incidence of chromosomal instability. Aberrant centrosome numbers are seen in a number of cancers, and there has been a proposed connection between the loss of function of p53 and multiple centrosomes. We investigated the consequences of multiple centrosomes in p53-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to determine how cells with multiple centrosomes can continue to propagate and become cancer. We found that even in the face of extra centrosomes, p53-null MEFs are able to divide in a bipolar fashion by bundling extra centrosomes into two spindle poles. The centrosome has also been proposed to play a role in cell cycle control. We followed up on a previous study, which had suggested that centrosome loss causes a G1 arrest. We found that cells did not arrest in G1 due to centrosome removal as previously reported, but instead the arrest was viii dependent on additional stressors, namely the incident light used for our long-term live-cell observations. Our study showed that centrosome loss is a detectable stress that, in conjunction with additional stresses, can contribute to cell cycle arrest. It is known that CDK2/cyclin E activity is required to promote centrosome duplication. But with the discovery of a centrosomal localization sequence (CLS) in cyclin E, we wanted to know if centrosome duplication required a specific sub-cellular localization of CDK2 kinase activity. We found that centrosome duplication in Xenopus extract was dependent on CLS-mediated centrosomal localization of cyclin E, in complex with CDK2. Our results point to a mechanism for regulating centrosome duplication in the face of high cytoplasmic CDK2/cyclin E kinase activity

Saharan dust electrification perceived by a triangle of atmospheric electricity stations in Southern Portugal

Atmospheric Electric Potential Gradient (PG) measurements were carried out in three sites forming a triangular array in Southern Portugal. The campaign was performed during the summer, characterized by Saharan dust outbreaks; 16th-17th July 2014 dust event is considered. Short time-scale oscillations of the PG at two of the stations and a mid time-scale suppression of the PG in the three stations are found. Results are interpreted as evidencing long-range dust electrification; attributed to the air-Earth electrical current creating a bipolar charge distribution inside of the dust layer. The relevance of using arrays of sensors, instead of single sited, is highlighted

Communications systems technology assessment study. Volume 2: Results

The cost and technology characteristics are examined for providing special satellite services at UHF, 2.5 GHz, and 14/12 GHz. Considered are primarily health, educational, informational and emergency disaster type services. The total cost of each configuration including space segment, earth station, installation operation and maintenance was optimized to reduce the user's total annual cost and establish preferred equipment performance parameters. Technology expected to be available between now and 1985 is identified and comparisons made between selected alternatives. A key element of the study is a survey of earth station equipment updating past work in the field, providing new insight into technology, and evaluating production and test methods that can reduce costs in large production runs. Various satellite configurations were examined. The cost impact of rain attenuation at Ku-band was evaluated. The factors affecting the ultimate capacity achievable with the available orbital arc and available bandwidth were analyzed