Time complexity analysis of RLS and (1 + 1) EA for the edge coloring problem

The edge coloring problem asks for an assignment of colors to edges of a graph such that no two incident edges share the same color and the number of colors is minimized. It is known that all graphs with maximum degree Δ can be colored with Δ or Δ + 1 colors, but it is NP-hard to determine whether Δ colors are sufficient. We present the first runtime analysis of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) for the edge coloring problem. Simple EAs such as RLS and (1+1) EA efficiently find (2Δ - 1)-colorings on arbitrary graphs and optimal colorings for even and odd cycles, paths, star graphs and arbitrary trees. A partial analysis for toroids also suggests efficient runtimes in bipartite graphs with many cycles. Experiments support these findings and investigate additional graph classes such as hypercubes, complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs. Theoretical and experimental results suggest that simple EAs find optimal colorings for all these graph classes in expected time O(Δℓ2m log m), where m is the number of edges and ℓ is the length of the longest simple path in the graph

Parameterized Algorithms for Graph Partitioning Problems

In parameterized complexity, a problem instance (I, k) consists of an input I and an extra parameter k. The parameter k usually a positive integer indicating the size of the solution or the structure of the input. A computational problem is called fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) if there is an algorithm for the problem with time complexity O(f(k).nc ), where f(k) is a function dependent only on the input parameter k, n is the size of the input and c is a constant. The existence of such an algorithm means that the problem is tractable for fixed values of the parameter. In this thesis, we provide parameterized algorithms for the following NP-hard graph partitioning problems: (i) Matching Cut Problem: In an undirected graph, a matching cut is a partition of vertices into two non-empty sets such that the edges across the sets induce a matching. The matching cut problem is the problem of deciding whether a given graph has a matching cut. The Matching Cut problem is expressible in monadic second-order logic (MSOL). The MSOL formulation, together with Courcelle’s theorem implies linear time solvability on graphs with bounded tree-width. However, this approach leads to a running time of f(||ϕ||, t) · n, where ||ϕ|| is the length of the MSOL formula, t is the tree-width of the graph and n is the number of vertices of the graph. The dependency of f(||ϕ||, t) on ||ϕ|| can be as bad as a tower of exponentials. In this thesis we give a single exponential algorithm for the Matching Cut problem with tree-width alone as the parameter. The running time of the algorithm is 2O(t) · n. This answers an open question posed by Kratsch and Le [Theoretical Computer Science, 2016]. We also show the fixed parameter tractability of the Matching Cut problem when parameterized by neighborhood diversity or other structural parameters. (ii) H-Free Coloring Problems: In an undirected graph G for a fixed graph H, the H-Free q-Coloring problem asks to color the vertices of the graph G using at most q colors such that none of the color classes contain H as an induced subgraph. That is every color class is H-free. This is a generalization of the classical q-Coloring problem, which is to color the vertices of the graph using at most q colors such that no pair of adjacent vertices are of the same color. The H-Free Chromatic Number is the minimum number of colors required to H-free color the graph. For a fixed q, the H-Free q-Coloring problem is expressible in monadic secondorder logic (MSOL). The MSOL formulation leads to an algorithm with time complexity f(||ϕ||, t) · n, where ||ϕ|| is the length of the MSOL formula, t is the tree-width of the graph and n is the number of vertices of the graph. In this thesis we present the following explicit combinatorial algorithms for H-Free Coloring problems: • An O(q O(t r ) · n) time algorithm for the general H-Free q-Coloring problem, where r = |V (H)|. • An O(2t+r log t · n) time algorithm for Kr-Free 2-Coloring problem, where Kr is a complete graph on r vertices. The above implies an O(t O(t r ) · n log t) time algorithm to compute the H-Free Chromatic Number for graphs with tree-width at most t. Therefore H-Free Chromatic Number is FPT with respect to tree-width. We also address a variant of H-Free q-Coloring problem which we call H-(Subgraph)Free q-Coloring problem, which is to color the vertices of the graph such that none of the color classes contain H as a subgraph (need not be induced). We present the following algorithms for H-(Subgraph)Free q-Coloring problems. • An O(q O(t r ) · n) time algorithm for the general H-(Subgraph)Free q-Coloring problem, which leads to an O(t O(t r ) · n log t) time algorithm to compute the H- (Subgraph)Free Chromatic Number for graphs with tree-width at most t. • An O(2O(t 2 ) · n) time algorithm for C4-(Subgraph)Free 2-Coloring, where C4 is a cycle on 4 vertices. • An O(2O(t r−2 ) · n) time algorithm for {Kr\e}-(Subgraph)Free 2-Coloring, where Kr\e is a graph obtained by removing an edge from Kr. • An O(2O((tr2 ) r−2 ) · n) time algorithm for Cr-(Subgraph)Free 2-Coloring problem, where Cr is a cycle of length r. (iii) Happy Coloring Problems: In a vertex-colored graph, an edge is happy if its endpoints have the same color. Similarly, a vertex is happy if all its incident edges are happy. we consider the algorithmic aspects of the following Maximum Happy Edges (k-MHE) problem: given a partially k-colored graph G, find an extended full k-coloring of G such that the number of happy edges are maximized. When we want to maximize the number of happy vertices, the problem is known as Maximum Happy Vertices (k-MHV). We show that both k-MHE and k-MHV admit polynomial-time algorithms for trees. We show that k-MHE admits a kernel of size k + `, where ` is the natural parameter, the number of happy edges. We show the hardness of k-MHE and k-MHV for some special graphs such as split graphs and bipartite graphs. We show that both k-MHE and k-MHV are tractable for graphs with bounded tree-width and graphs with bounded neighborhood diversity. vii In the last part of the thesis we present an algorithm for the Replacement Paths Problem which is defined as follows: Let G (|V (G)| = n and |E(G)| = m) be an undirected graph with positive edge weights. Let PG(s, t) be a shortest s − t path in G. Let l be the number of edges in PG(s, t). The Edge Replacement Path problem is to compute a shortest s − t path in G\{e}, for every edge e in PG(s, t). The Node Replacement Path problem is to compute a shortest s−t path in G\{v}, for every vertex v in PG(s, t). We present an O(TSP T (G) + m + l 2 ) time and O(m + l 2 ) space algorithm for both the problems, where TSP T (G) is the asymptotic time to compute a single source shortest path tree in G. The proposed algorithm is simple and easy to implement

LIPIcs, Volume 248, ISAAC 2022, Complete Volume

LIPIcs, Volume 248, ISAAC 2022, Complete Volum

Extremal problems in disjoint cycles and graph saturation

In this thesis, we tackle two main themes: sufficient conditions for the existence of particular subgraphs in a graph, and variations on graph saturation. Determining whether a graph contains a certain subgraph is a computationally difficult problem; as such, sufficient conditions for the existence of a given subgraph are prized. In Chapter 2, we offer a significant refinement of the Corradi-Hajnal Theorem, which gives sufficient conditions for the existence of a given number of disjoint cycles in a graph. Further, our refined theorem leads to an answer for a question posed by G. Dirac in 1963 regarding the existence of disjoint cycles in graphs with a certain connectivity. This answer comprises Chapter 3. In Chapter 4 we prove a result about equitable coloring: that is, a proper coloring whose color classes all have the same size. Our equitable-coloring result confirms a partial case of a generalized version of the much-studied Chen-Lih-Wu conjecture on equitable coloring. In addition, the equitable-coloring result is equivalent to a statement about the existence of disjoint cycles, contributing to our refinement of the Corradi-Hajnal Theorem. In Chapters 5 and 6, we move to the topic of graph saturation, which is related to the Turan problem. One imagines a set of n vertices, to which edges are added one-by-one so that a forbidden subgraph never appears. At some point, no more edges can be added. The Turan problem asks the maximum number of edges in such a graph; the saturation number, on the other hand, asks the minimum number of edges. Two variations of this parameter are studied. In Chapter 5, we study the saturation of Ramsey-minimal families. Ramsey theory deals with partitioning the edges of graphs so that each partition avoids the particular forbidden subgraph assigned to it. Our motivation for studying these families is that they provide a convincing edge-colored (Ramsey) version of graph saturation. We develop a method, called iterated recoloring, for using results from graph saturation to understand this Ramsey version of saturation. As a proof of concept, we use iterated recoloring to determine the saturation number of the Ramsey-minimal families of matchings and describe the assiociated extremal graphs. An induced version of graph saturation was suggested by Martin and Smith. In order to offer a parameter that is defined for all forbidden graphs, Martin and Smith consider generalized graphs, called trigraphs. Of particular interest is the case when the induced-saturated trigraphs in question are equivalent to graphs. In Chapter 6, we show that a surprisingly large number of families fall into this case. Further, we define and investigate another parameter that is a version of induced saturation that is closer in spirit to the original version of graph saturation, but that is not defined for all forbidden subgraphs

LIPIcs, Volume 258, SoCG 2023, Complete Volume

LIPIcs, Volume 258, SoCG 2023, Complete Volum

The edge-recoloring cost of monochromatic and properly edge-colored paths and cycles

We introduce a number of problems regarding edge-color modifications in edge-colored graphs and digraphs. Consider a property π, a c -edge-colored graph GcGc not satisfying π, and an edge-recoloring cost matrix R=[rij]c×cR=[rij]c×c where rij≥0rij≥0 denotes the cost of changing color i of edge e to color j. Basically, in this kind of problem the idea is to change the colors of one or more edges of GcGc in order to construct a new edge-colored graph such that the total edge-recoloring cost is minimized and property π is satisfied. We also consider the destruction of potentially undesirable structures with the minimum edge-recoloring cost. In this paper, we are especially concerned with the construction and destruction of properly edge-colored and monochromatic paths, trails and cycles in graphs and digraphs. Some related problems and future directions are presented.nonouirechercheInternationa