Entrepreneurial Sponsorship, Belief Change,and Innovation Decision

创业扶持政策往往鼓励和扶持更多人成为创业者。相比高能力个体，通常低能力个体的职业选择（创业或就业）对一般性创业补贴或市场进入扶持更加敏感。因而，创业扶持往往降低了市场参与者对创业者能力的信念。本文采用“政府→信念→其他决策者→创业者”的分析模式，首先论述创业扶持降低市场参与者的信念，然后分析博弈情景下信念下降对高能力创业者创新决策的影响，最后得出创业扶持对创业者创新决策的影响。本文构建了三个模型（分别对应博弈对手为潜在的创新者、潜在的防守者以及潜在的模仿者）。 第一个模型分析了信念下降对创业者序贯创新决策的影响。先行者决定追求高创新水平战略还是低创新水平战略，而后行者决定追求更高创新水平战略...Entrepreneurial policy advocates and facilitates people to become entrepreneurs. As the low-ability individuals are more sensitive to entrepreneurship subsidies or the facilitation of market entry, entrepreneurial policy usually drives downs the market players’ belief toward a new entrant’s or an entrepreneur’s ability. A mode as “Government→Belief→Others→Entrepreneur” runs through the analysis of...学位：管理学博士院系专业：管理学院_企业管理学号：1762013015375

Net neutrality and high‑speed broadband networks: evidence from OECD countries

Network neutrality regulations are intended to preserve the Internet as a non-discriminatory, public network and an open platform for innovation. Whereas the U.S. reversed its regulations in 2017, returning to a less strict regime, the EU has maintained its course and recently revised implementation guidelines for its strict and rather interventionist net neutrality regulations. To this day, there exist only a few empirical investigations on the impact of network neutrality regulations, based on rather broad measures of investment activities for individual countries. Our paper provides the first estimation results on the causal impact of net neutrality regulations on new high-speed (fiber-optic cable-based) infrastructure investment by Internet service providers. We use a comprehensive and most recent OECD panel data set for 32 countries for the period from 2000 to 2021 covering the entire high-speed broadband network deployment period. We employ various panel estimation techniques, including instrumental variables estimation. Our empirical analysis is based on theoretical underpinnings derived from a simplified model in a two-sided market framework. We find empirical evidence that net neutrality regulations exert a significant and strong negative impact on fiber investments. Our results suggest that, while we cannot provide evidence on the overall welfare consequences of net neutrality, imposing strict net neutrality regulations clearly slow down the deployment of new fiber-based broadband connections

Impact of In-store Promotion and Spillover Effect onPrivate Label Introduction

This paper investigates the impact of in-store promotion and its spillover effect on private label introductions. We study different retail supply chain scenarios where the retailer carrying a national brand may introduce its own private label product and promote either the national brand or the private label inside the store. The in-store promotion on one product has a positive spillover effect on the other product. Without in-store promotion and spillover effect, the conventional wisdom indicates that, in a retail supply chain, the national brand manufacturer will be negatively impacted by the introduction of a private label product. With in-store promotion and spillover effect, however, the national brand manufacturer can actually benefit from the private label introduction. When the spillover from national brand to private label is high, the retailer prefers to promote the national brand product. When the spillover from private label to national brand is high, promoting the private label product can also benefit the national brand manufacturer. With symmetric spillover rate, the national brand manufacturer can still benefit from the private label introduction, as long as the retailer promotes the national brand product, the horizontal competition is not intense, or the private label product quality is sufficiently low

Modeling and analysis of market share dynamics in a duopoly subject to affine feedback advertising policies and delays

Presents extensions of the Vidale-Wolfe and Lanchester models for market share duopoly dynamics. The novelties in the proposed extensions are the explicit introduction of a set of undecided clients into existing models, which consider only the sets of clients of the two competing firms, as well as the use of decentralized affine feedback advertising policies. It is shown that, under the proposed class of advertising policies, the extended Vidale-Wolfe and Lanchester models, despite having different dynamics, have equilibria in identical locations, with the same stability properties. The introduction of a third set of undecided clients also motivates the introduction of a more elaborate model of market share dynamics based on the replicator-mutator model from evolutionary game theory. This is done by identifying strategies with the entries of a preference matrix consisting of the choice preferences of firms by clients and the mutation matrix representing transition probabilities from one set of clients to another. The proposed model is analysed with respect to equilibria and their stability properties, as well as parametric sensitivity, under the proposed advertising policies. All proposed models are analysed for stability, the presence of oscillations, existence of Hopf bifurcations when implementation or adoption delays are introduced. The extended models of Vidale-Wolfe and Lanchester are robust to implementation delays, while for adoption delays, bifurcations can occur. The proposed replicator-mutator model is robust for both types of delays.Apresenta extensões aos modelos de Vidale-Wolfe e Lanchester para a dinâmica de duopólios. As novidades nas extensões propostas são a introdução explícita de um conjunto de clientes indecisos nos modelos existentes, os quais consideram apenas os conjuntos de clientes das duas empresas concorrentes, e o uso de políticas de publicidade afins com realimentação. Demonstra-se que sob a classe proposta de políticas de publicidade, os modelos estendidos de Vidale-Wolfe e Lanchester, apesar de terem dinâmicas diferentes, apresentam pontos de equilíbrio idênticos com as mesmas propriedades de estabilidade. A introdução de um terceiro conjunto de clientes indecisos também motiva a introdução de um modelo mais elaborado da dinâmica de mercado baseado no modelo Replicador-Mutador da teoria dos jogos evolucionários. A proposta do modelo é realizada identificando estratégias com elementos de uma matriz de preferência consistindo nas preferências de escolha das empresas pelos clientes e a matriz de mutação representa probabilidades de transição de um conjunto de clientes para outro. O modelo proposto é analisado em relação aos pontos de equilíbrios e suas propriedades de estabilidade, bem como a sensibilidade paramétrica sob as políticas de publicidade propostas. Todos os modelos propostos são analisados quanto à estabilidade, a presença de oscilações, a existência de bifurcações de Hopf quando atrasos de implementação ou de adoção são introduzidos. Os modelos estendidos de Vidale-Wolfe e Lanchester são robustos para atrasos em implementação enquanto que para o atraso de adoção apresentam a existência de bifurcações. O modelo Replicador-Mutador proposto é robusto para ambos tipos de atrasos

Market structure and competition: an empirical analysis of the U.S. airline industry

This thesis studies degree of competitiveness in the airline industry inferred by investigation of market structure. Chapter 2 documents empirical evidence that endogenous sunk costs investments in advertising and in expanding route network play a crucial role in determining equilibrium market structure and, that the industry is a natural oligopoly. In chapter 3 we perform an empirical analysis of market structure beyond the bounds approach, to explain firm numbers and market share asymmetry for city pair markets. In addition, splitting firms into two types, leaders and non-leaders, it is proposed evidence that nature of competition depends on presence of leader airlines. In particular, there is evidence consistent with learning; that is, non-leaders infer profitability of routes from the number and identity of leaders. Chapter 4 proposes two econometric models of entry to analyze market sharing agreements

Three Essays on the Effects of Product Recall on Decision Making

The effects of product recalls can be utterly disastrous for the firm responsible for the recall. A recalling firm may bear substantial external failure costs along with sales loss due to a tarnished goodwill. Deciding the pre-recall and post-recall advertising, price and quality are crucial for both the recalling firm and its rivals. Using a differential game theoretic modelling approach, we develop and analyze theoretical models associated with a product recall and study the effect of the same on supply chain decision making. In our first essay, we analyze a scenario with two manufacturers under goodwill-advertising competition. Either one firm or both firms can be susceptible to recall a product, and both are aware of the recall likelihood ex-ante. We examine the pre-crisis and post-crisis equilibrium advertising efforts and effect of recall on firms’ profits when firms are farsighted or “hazard myopic. We show that the variance of advertising in the two periods and the profits of the firms depend on crisis likelihood and impact. The trade-off between the likelihood of crisis and its impact explains the previous conflicting findings of the literature. In our second essay, we investigate joint decisions of pricing and advertising for mitigating the harmful effects of a product recall on a firm and the negative spillover effect on a rival firm. We recommend the equilibrium pricing and advertising policies of the two competing firms under product recalls of different impact and likelihood. We compare the case when the focal firm is a market leader to the case when both firms are similar. In the third essay, we define two contracts for managing “collateral damage” during a product recall. We show that adopting a cost-sharing contract can be beneficial for suppliers and manufacturers. We found that cost-sharing decisions, advertising efforts and quality efforts vary under different scenarios. There may be individual motivation for the firms to move against a contract under different crisis likelihood and impact. Nevertheless, the supply chain profit is always higher under a contract

Net Neutrality and High-Speed Broadband Networks: Evidence from OECD Countries

Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economic