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    A CONTRADIÇÃO DA FABRICAÇÃO DIGITAL NA EDUCAÇÃO: UMA ANÁLISE DA NOÇÃO DE APRENDIZAGEM DA FABRICAÇÃO DIGITAL NO ÂMBITO EDUCACIONAL

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    This paper presents discussions resulting from a study aimed at analyzing the integration of Digital Fabrication (DF) in the context of Education. DF refers to processes that use computers connected to manufacturing machines to build physical objects. DF practices are also linked to the principles of the Maker Movement. To achieve the proposed objective, a bibliographic research methodology was used to gather the set that comprises the empirical material of this study. The analytical exercise presented in this article was based on 11 bibliographic sources, consisting of scientific productions on the topic with a focus on the notion of learning presented by DF. The analysis undertaken allowed us to identify a contradiction between DF and the Maker Movement: while the learningadvocated by the Maker Movement advocates for individuals to exercise their creativity in project development, some DF practices do not stimulate creativity. As a result, the creative work of individuals is minimized, and learning may not occur in that sense.Este artículo presenta discusiones resultantes de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo analizar la inserción de la Fabricación Digital (FD) en el ámbito de la Educación. La FD se refiere a procesos que utilizan computadoras conectadas a máquinas de fabricación para construir objetos físicos. Las prácticas de la FD también están vinculadas a los principios del Movimiento Maker. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, se utilizó la metodología de investigación bibliográfica para recopilar el conjunto que compone el material empírico de esta investigación. El ejercicio de análisis presentado en este artículo se basó en 11 fuentes bibliográficas, constituidas por producciones científicas sobre el tema con un enfoque en la noción de aprendizaje presentada por la FD. El análisis emprendido nos permitió identificar una contradicción entre la FD y el Movimiento Maker: mientras que el aprendizaje defendido por el Movimiento Maker aboga por que los individuos ejerzan su creatividad en el desarrollo de proyectos, algunas prácticas de la FD no estimulan su creación. Como resultado, se minimiza el trabajo creativo de los individuos y la aprendizaje puede no ocurrir en ese sentido.Este artigo apresenta discussões resultantes de uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar a inserção da Fabricação Digital (FD) no âmbito da Educação. A FD refere-se aos processos que utilizam computadores conectados a máquinas de fabricação para construir objetos físicos. As práticas de FD também estão vinculadas aos princípios do Movimento Maker. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se a metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica para o levantamento do conjunto que compõe o material empírico desta pesquisa. O exercício de análise apresentado neste artigo se deu a partir de 11 fontes bibliográficas, constituídas por produções científicas sobre o tema com enfoque sobre a noção de aprendizagem apresentada pela FD. A analítica empreendida nos permitiu identificar uma contradição entre a FD e o Movimento Maker: ao passo que a aprendizagem defendida pelo Movimento Maker preconiza que os sujeitos exerçam a sua criatividade no desenvolvimento de projetos, algumas práticas de FD não estimulam a sua criação. Com isso, o trabalho criativo dos indivíduos é minimizado, e a aprendizagem pode, nesse sentido, não ocorrer

    Une méthode de mesure du mouvement humain pour la programmation par démonstration

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    Programming by demonstration (PbD) is an intuitive approach to impart a task to a robot from one or several demonstrations by the human teacher. The acquisition of the demonstrations involves the solution of the correspondence problem when the teacher and the learner differ in sensing and actuation. Kinesthetic guidance is widely used to perform demonstrations. With such a method, the robot is manipulated by the teacher and the demonstrations are recorded by the robot's encoders. In this way, the correspondence problem is trivial but the teacher dexterity is afflicted which may impact the PbD process. Methods that are more practical for the teacher usually require the identification of some mappings to solve the correspondence problem. The demonstration acquisition method is based on a compromise between the difficulty of identifying these mappings, the level of accuracy of the recorded elements and the user-friendliness and convenience for the teacher. This thesis proposes an inertial human motion tracking method based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) for PbD for pick-and-place tasks. Compared to kinesthetic guidance, IMUs are convenient and easy to use but can present a limited accuracy. Their potential for PbD applications is investigated. To estimate the trajectory of the teacher's hand, 3 IMUs are placed on her/his arm segments (arm, forearm and hand) to estimate their orientations. A specific method is proposed to partially compensate the well-known drift of the sensor orientation estimation around the gravity direction by exploiting the particular configuration of the demonstration. This method, called heading reset, is based on the assumption that the sensor passes through its original heading with stationary phases several times during the demonstration. The heading reset is implemented in an integration and vector observation algorithm. Several experiments illustrate the advantages of this heading reset. A comprehensive inertial human hand motion tracking (IHMT) method for PbD is then developed. It includes an initialization procedure to estimate the orientation of each sensor with respect to the human arm segment and the initial orientation of the sensor with respect to the teacher attached frame. The procedure involves a rotation and a static position of the extended arm. The measurement system is thus robust with respect to the positioning of the sensors on the segments. A procedure for estimating the position of the human teacher relative to the robot and a calibration procedure for the parameters of the method are also proposed. At the end, the error of the human hand trajectory is measured experimentally and is found in an interval between 28.528.5 mm and 61.861.8 mm. The mappings to solve the correspondence problem are identified. Unfortunately, the observed level of accuracy of this IHMT method is not sufficient for a PbD process. In order to reach the necessary level of accuracy, a method is proposed to correct the hand trajectory obtained by IHMT using vision data. A vision system presents a certain complementarity with inertial sensors. For the sake of simplicity and robustness, the vision system only tracks the objects but not the teacher. The correction is based on so-called Positions Of Interest (POIs) and involves 3 steps: the identification of the POIs in the inertial and vision data, the pairing of the hand POIs to objects POIs that correspond to the same action in the task, and finally, the correction of the hand trajectory based on the pairs of POIs. The complete method for demonstration acquisition is experimentally evaluated in a full PbD process. This experiment reveals the advantages of the proposed method over kinesthesy in the context of this work.La programmation par démonstration est une approche intuitive permettant de transmettre une tâche à un robot à partir d'une ou plusieurs démonstrations faites par un enseignant humain. L'acquisition des démonstrations nécessite cependant la résolution d'un problème de correspondance quand les systèmes sensitifs et moteurs de l'enseignant et de l'apprenant diffèrent. De nombreux travaux utilisent des démonstrations faites par kinesthésie, i.e., l'enseignant manipule directement le robot pour lui faire faire la tâche. Ce dernier enregistre ses mouvements grâce à ses propres encodeurs. De cette façon, le problème de correspondance est trivial. Lors de telles démonstrations, la dextérité de l'enseignant peut être altérée et impacter tout le processus de programmation par démonstration. Les méthodes d'acquisition de démonstration moins invalidantes pour l'enseignant nécessitent souvent des procédures spécifiques pour résoudre le problème de correspondance. Ainsi l'acquisition des démonstrations se base sur un compromis entre complexité de ces procédures, le niveau de précision des éléments enregistrés et la commodité pour l'enseignant. Cette thèse propose ainsi une méthode de mesure du mouvement humain par capteurs inertiels pour la programmation par démonstration de tâches de ``pick-and-place''. Les capteurs inertiels sont en effet pratiques et faciles à utiliser, mais sont d'une précision limitée. Nous étudions leur potentiel pour la programmation par démonstration. Pour estimer la trajectoire de la main de l'enseignant, des capteurs inertiels sont placés sur son bras, son avant-bras et sa main afin d'estimer leurs orientations. Une méthode est proposée afin de compenser partiellement la dérive de l'estimation de l'orientation des capteurs autour de la direction de la gravité. Cette méthode, appelée ``heading reset'', est basée sur l'hypothèse que le capteur passe plusieurs fois par son azimut initial avec des phases stationnaires lors d'une démonstration. Cette méthode est implémentée dans un algorithme d'intégration et d'observation de vecteur. Des expériences illustrent les avantages du ``heading reset''. Cette thèse développe ensuite une méthode complète de mesure des mouvements de la main humaine par capteurs inertiels (IHMT). Elle comprend une première procédure d'initialisation pour estimer l'orientation des capteurs par rapport aux segments du bras humain ainsi que l'orientation initiale des capteurs par rapport au repère de référence de l'humain. Cette procédure, consistant en une rotation et une position statique du bras tendu, est robuste au positionnement des capteurs. Une seconde procédure est proposée pour estimer la position de l'humain par rapport au robot et pour calibrer les paramètres de la méthode. Finalement, l'erreur moyenne sur la trajectoire de la main humaine est mesurée expérimentalement entre 28.5 mm et 61.8 mm, ce qui n'est cependant pas suffisant pour la programmation par démonstration. Afin d'atteindre le niveau de précision nécessaire, une nouvelle méthode est développée afin de corriger la trajectoire de la main par IHMT à partir de données issues d'un système de vision, complémentaire des capteurs inertiels. Pour maintenir une certaine simplicité et robustesse, le système de vision ne suit que les objets et pas l'enseignant. La méthode de correction, basée sur des ``Positions Of Interest (POIs)'', est constituée de 3 étapes: l'identification des POIs dans les données issues des capteurs inertiels et du système de vision, puis l'association de POIs liées à la main et de POIs liées aux objets correspondant à la même action, et enfin, la correction de la trajectoire de la main à partir des paires de POIs. Finalement, la méthode IHMT corrigée est expérimentalement évaluée dans un processus complet de programmation par démonstration. Cette expérience montre l'avantage de la méthode proposée sur la kinesthésie dans le contexte de ce travail

    A Critical Review Of Post-Secondary Education Writing During A 21st Century Education Revolution

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    Educational materials are effective instruments which provide information and report new discoveries uncovered by researchers in specific areas of academia. Higher education, like other education institutions, rely on instructional materials to inform its practice of educating adult learners. In post-secondary education, developmental English programs are tasked with meeting the needs of dynamic populations, thus there is a continuous need for research in this area to support its changing landscape. However, the majority of scholarly thought in this area centers on K-12 reading and writing. This paucity presents a phenomenon to the post-secondary community. This research study uses a qualitative content analysis to examine peer-reviewed journals from 2003-2017, developmental online websites, and a government issued document directed toward reforming post-secondary developmental education programs. These highly relevant sources aid educators in discovering informational support to apply best practices for student success. Developmental education serves the purpose of addressing literacy gaps for students transitioning to college-level work. The findings here illuminate the dearth of material offered to developmental educators. This study suggests the field of literacy research is fragmented and highlights an apparent blind spot in scholarly literature with regard to English writing instruction. This poses a quandary for post-secondary literacy researchers in the 21st century and establishes the necessity for the literacy research community to commit future scholarship toward equipping college educators teaching writing instruction to underprepared adult learners

    Physical sketching tools and techniques for customized sensate surfaces

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    Sensate surfaces are a promising avenue for enhancing human interaction with digital systems due to their inherent intuitiveness and natural user interface. Recent technological advancements have enabled sensate surfaces to surpass the constraints of conventional touchscreens by integrating them into everyday objects, creating interactive interfaces that can detect various inputs such as touch, pressure, and gestures. This allows for more natural and intuitive control of digital systems. However, prototyping interactive surfaces that are customized to users' requirements using conventional techniques remains technically challenging due to limitations in accommodating complex geometric shapes and varying sizes. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider the context in which customized surfaces are utilized, as relocating them to fabrication labs may lead to the loss of their original design context. Additionally, prototyping high-resolution sensate surfaces presents challenges due to the complex signal processing requirements involved. This thesis investigates the design and fabrication of customized sensate surfaces that meet the diverse requirements of different users and contexts. The research aims to develop novel tools and techniques that overcome the technical limitations of current methods and enable the creation of sensate surfaces that enhance human interaction with digital systems.Sensorische Oberflächen sind aufgrund ihrer inhärenten Intuitivität und natürlichen Benutzeroberfläche ein vielversprechender Ansatz, um die menschliche Interaktionmit digitalen Systemen zu verbessern. Die jüngsten technologischen Fortschritte haben es ermöglicht, dass sensorische Oberflächen die Beschränkungen herkömmlicher Touchscreens überwinden, indem sie in Alltagsgegenstände integriert werden und interaktive Schnittstellen schaffen, die diverse Eingaben wie Berührung, Druck, oder Gesten erkennen können. Dies ermöglicht eine natürlichere und intuitivere Steuerung von digitalen Systemen. Das Prototyping interaktiver Oberflächen, die mit herkömmlichen Techniken an die Bedürfnisse der Nutzer angepasst werden, bleibt jedoch eine technische Herausforderung, da komplexe geometrische Formen und variierende Größen nur begrenzt berücksichtigt werden können. Darüber hinaus ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, den Kontext, in dem diese individuell angepassten Oberflächen verwendet werden, zu berücksichtigen, da eine Verlagerung in Fabrikations-Laboratorien zum Verlust ihres ursprünglichen Designkontextes führen kann. Zudem stellt das Prototyping hochauflösender sensorischer Oberflächen aufgrund der komplexen Anforderungen an die Signalverarbeitung eine Herausforderung dar. Diese Arbeit erforscht dasDesign und die Fabrikation individuell angepasster sensorischer Oberflächen, die den diversen Anforderungen unterschiedlicher Nutzer und Kontexte gerecht werden. Die Forschung zielt darauf ab, neuartigeWerkzeuge und Techniken zu entwickeln, die die technischen Beschränkungen derzeitigerMethoden überwinden und die Erstellung von sensorischen Oberflächen ermöglichen, die die menschliche Interaktion mit digitalen Systemen verbessern

    Managing risks and harms associated with the use of anabolic steroids

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    Background: People using AAS may adopt a range of strategies to prevent and treat adverse health conditions potentially associated with the use of these substances (AAS-HC). These strategies include seeking support from physicians, using the needle and syringe exchange programme (NSP) and seeking support from informal sources such as coaches and online forums. The process of identifying risks and harms, adopting and modifying health-related strategies is similar to the methods of risk-management employed in other fields of human activity. This approach recognises the importance of the informal body of knowledge produced by decades of AAS-related folk-pharmacology and seeks to understand harm-reduction from the users’ perspective.Objectives: The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate the strategies adopted by people using AAS to prevent and treat AAS-HC. Secondary objectives include to explore the factors associated with the adoption of health strategies and the occurrence of AAS-HC, as well as the barriers and facilitators experienced by AAS users when accessing health services and other sources of support.Methods: To achieve the objectives above, three work packages (WP) were produced as part of a mixed-methods research design. WP1 is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of AAS users seeking support from physicians. WP2 is a cross-sectional online survey that identified AAS-HC, risk factors and health-related strategies adopted by AAS users in the UK. WP3 is a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews to discuss the experiences of AAS users and their risk-management strategies (RMS).Results: The estimated overall prevalence of AAS users seeking support from physicians is 37.1%. Higher prevalence rates were observed in studies from Australia (67.3%) and amongst clients of the NSP (54.1%), whilst the lowest was observed among adolescents (17.3%). The health conditions most commonly reported by the 883 participants of the online survey were insomnia (33.3%) and anxiety (32.2%). Most participants adopted preventive strategies such as having blood tests in the last 12 months (86.2%) and seeking a GP to treat AAS-HC (55.0%). Those who sought a GP for AAS-related information were 76% less likely to report an AAS-HC in the last 12 months. The interviews described AAS users’ RMS as a continuous process of awareness and behavioural changes. Participants described an extensive use of private health services and other sources of support to bypass the barriers experienced by AAS users engaging with the public health system.Conclusion: A large number of AAS users refrain from seeking support from physicians. Health professionals should be trained to recognise and manage the most common AAS-HC and help users improve their RMS. Further studies should investigate the efficacy of AAS-related RMS and the subpopulations of AAS users more likely to experience AAS-HC and less likely to engage with health services.<br/

    A Privacy-Preserving Framework Using Hyperledger Fabric for EHR Sharing Applications

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    Electronic Health Records, or EHRs, include private and sensitive information of a patient. The privacy of personal healthcare data can be protected through Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned blockchain framework. A few Hyperledger Fabric- integrated EHR solutions have emerged in recent years. However, none of them implements the privacy-preserving techniques of Hyperledger Fabric to make transactions anonymous or preserve the transaction data privacy during the consensus. Our proposed architecture is built on Hyperledger Fabric and its privacy-preserving mechanisms, such as Identity Mixer, Private Data Collections, Channels and Transient Fields to securely store and transfer patient-sensitive data while providing anonymity and unlinkability of transactions

    Dissecting the mechanisms of transport of herpes simplex virus between Langerhans Cells & dendritic cells in epidermis and dermis following infection of human genital mucosa and skin

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    Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has deemed a priority for a vaccine. CD8 and CD4T cells are important in the control and clearance of HSV, however no known vaccine has been able to stimulate CD8T cells. The dermal dendritic cells (dDCs) are suspected to play a role. Previously the host lab has shown in human tissue that HSV-1 infection of Langerhans cells (LCs) caused apoptosis and migration of LCs to the dermis, where they were phagocytosed by dDCs (termed HSV viral relay). Very little is known about the mechanisms of this relay. The host lab has also identified a second resident epidermal immune cell, Epi-cDC2s, which are infectable by HSV. This thesis aims to unravel the mechanisms involved in the relay. RNA-seq and cell surface phenotyping on human dDCs subsets showed that was differential chemokine receptor expression. Bead-based immunoassays were used to determine the chemokines produced by HSV-1 infected LCs and Epi-cDC2s,and showed HSV infected LCs produced increased CXCR3 ligands, while HSV infected Epi-cDC2s produced increased CCR5 ligands. The importance of these chemokine axes was investigated using chemotaxis assays. An cyclic immunofluorescent microscopy panel was then developed to investigate whether this migration could be seen in situ in HSV infected foreskin explants. Underneath epidermal foci of infection, there was migration of both cDC1s and cDC2s towards the basement membrane. Under foci of infection there was a greater proportion of cDC2s clustering with LCs. The uptake of HSV infected epidermal cells by the dDC subsets was examined using imaging cytometry. Preliminary results suggest that there were no significant differences between the ability of dDCs to phagocytose HSV infected epidermal cells. Understanding the mechanisms and the role of each dDC subset in the HSV viral relay will determine which dDC subsets are crucial for CD8 and CD4 T cell stimulation
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