Data-intensive Systems on Modern Hardware : Leveraging Near-Data Processing to Counter the Growth of Data

Over the last decades, a tremendous change toward using information technology in almost every daily routine of our lives can be perceived in our society, entailing an incredible growth of data collected day-by-day on Web, IoT, and AI applications. At the same time, magneto-mechanical HDDs are being replaced by semiconductor storage such as SSDs, equipped with modern Non-Volatile Memories, like Flash, which yield significantly faster access latencies and higher levels of parallelism. Likewise, the execution speed of processing units increased considerably as nowadays server architectures comprise up to multiple hundreds of independently working CPU cores along with a variety of specialized computing co-processors such as GPUs or FPGAs. However, the burden of moving the continuously growing data to the best fitting processing unit is inherently linked to today’s computer architecture that is based on the data-to-code paradigm. In the light of Amdahl's Law, this leads to the conclusion that even with today's powerful processing units, the speedup of systems is limited since the fraction of parallel work is largely I/O-bound. Therefore, throughout this cumulative dissertation, we investigate the paradigm shift toward code-to-data, formally known as Near-Data Processing (NDP), which relieves the contention on the I/O bus by offloading processing to intelligent computational storage devices, where the data is originally located. Firstly, we identified Native Storage Management as the essential foundation for NDP due to its direct control of physical storage management within the database. Upon this, the interface is extended to propagate address mapping information and to invoke NDP functionality on the storage device. As the former can become very large, we introduce Physical Page Pointers as one novel NDP abstraction for self-contained immutable database objects. Secondly, the on-device navigation and interpretation of data are elaborated. Therefore, we introduce cross-layer Parsers and Accessors as another NDP abstraction that can be executed on the heterogeneous processing capabilities of modern computational storage devices. Thereby, the compute placement and resource configuration per NDP request is identified as a major performance criteria. Our experimental evaluation shows an improvement in the execution durations of 1.4x to 2.7x compared to traditional systems. Moreover, we propose a framework for the automatic generation of Parsers and Accessors on FPGAs to ease their application in NDP. Thirdly, we investigate the interplay of NDP and modern workload characteristics like HTAP. Therefore, we present different offloading models and focus on an intervention-free execution. By propagating the Shared State with the latest modifications of the database to the computational storage device, it is able to process data with transactional guarantees. Thus, we achieve to extend the design space of HTAP with NDP by providing a solution that optimizes for performance isolation, data freshness, and the reduction of data transfers. In contrast to traditional systems, we experience no significant drop in performance when an OLAP query is invoked but a steady and 30% faster throughput. Lastly, in-situ result-set management and consumption as well as NDP pipelines are proposed to achieve flexibility in processing data on heterogeneous hardware. As those produce final and intermediary results, we continue investigating their management and identified that an on-device materialization comes at a low cost but enables novel consumption modes and reuse semantics. Thereby, we achieve significant performance improvements of up to 400x by reusing once materialized results multiple times

Analise e controle da energia eletrica atraves de tecnicas de processamento digital de sinais

Orientador: Sigmar Maurer DeckmannTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma Metodologia Seletiva de Identificação das parcelas consideradas ideais de tens~ao e corrente eletricas em um sistema polifasico, bem como das parcelas associadas a disturbios e fenomenos responsaveis pela deterioração da qualidade de energia. Tal metodologia e descrita por meio da aplicação de tecnicas de processamento digital de sinais, possibilitando a formulação de filtros digitais, detectores de sequencia positiva, algoritmos de identicação de frequencia, Multiplicadores de Lagrange, etc, as quais podem ser implementados em processadores de aritmetica saturada (ponto-fixo). Atraves de tal metodologia e das tecnicas estudadas, e possivel discutir e propor uma abordagem alternativa na definição de uma Teoria de Potência Unificada, adequada a condições de formas de onda não-senoidais e/ou assimetricas, bem como propor estrategias de compensação para condicionadores de energia, tais como os Filtros Ativos de Potência. O trabalho tambem apresenta um breve estudo sobre os controladores digitais necessarios à implementação pratica de um filtro ativo de potência, destacando a proposta de um controlador repetitivo para compensação seletiva de harmônicos dominantes, o qual foi avaliado através da implementação de um protótipo de filtro ativo em paralelo com a redeAbstract: Considering the areas of Power Quality and Power Conditioning, this work proposes and discusses the use of a Selective Identification Methodology in order to identify the so-called ideal, as well as the disturbing, voltage and current components in a general polyphase power system. Such methodology is presented and described by means of discrete-time signal processing techniques, which allows the implementation of useful digital filters, positive sequence detectors, frequency identification algorithms, Lagrange Multipliers, etc. Special attention is directed to the implementation of such techniques in finite word length or fixed-point DSP and microprocessors. Considering the proposed selective methodology and the related digital algorithms, it is possible to discuss and suggest an alternative approach to define a promising Unified Power Theory, which could be adequate for non-sinusoidal and unbalanced waveform conditions. Moreover, the same methodology can be used to propose several compensation strategies for different power conditioning equipments, such as e.g., Active Power Filters. This work also presents a brief study concerning the required digital controllers for the experimental implementation of a shunt active filter prototype. Particularly, it has been pointed out the repetitive controller applied to the implementation of a selective harmonic current compensator. The selective compensator allows minimizing the dominant harmonic components in order to reduce the THD levels and to increase the power factor of a specific installationDoutoradoEnergia EletricaDoutor em Engenharia Elétric