Bioinformatic analysis: Retroposon sequences containing multiple putative endonucleases

Among the retroposons, the source of the endonuclease activity is known to be variable. We investigated whether any retroposon genomes encode potential multiple endonuclease functions. Amino acid alignments were generated to reveal the presence of the characterized ordered-series-of-motifs (OSM) that define four different endonuclease functions. These endonuclease functions include a retroviral-like integrase (IN), an apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE), the PDD endonuclease recently identified in the R2BM retroposon and an HNH endonuclease signature conserved by the group 11 intron sequences. The results indicate that the spliced l eader associated conserved sequences (SLACS) of T. brucei, c ruzi-associated retrotransposon (CZAR) of Trypanosoma cruzi, two crithidia retrotransposable elements (CRE); CRE1 and CRE2 of Crithidia fasciculata , and certain ING retroposon sequences of Trypanosoma brucei contain multiple putative endonuclease functions

Bio-Communication of Bacteria and its Evolutionary Interrelations to Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses

Communicative competences enable bacteria to develop, organise and coordinate rich social life with a great variety of behavioral patterns even in which they organise themselves like multicellular organisms. They have existed for almost four billion years and still survive, being part of the most dramatic changes in evolutionary history such as DNA invention, cellular life, invention of nearly all protein types, partial constitution of eukaryotic cells, vertical colonisation of all eukaryotes, high adaptability through horizontal gene transfer and co-operative multispecies colonisation of all ecological niches. Recent research demonstrates that these bacterial competences derive from the aptitude of viruses for natural genome editing. 
	In contrast to a book which would be the appropriate space to outline in depth all communicative pathways inherent in bacterial life in this current article I want to give an overview for a broader readership over the great variety of bacterial bio-communication: In a first step I describe how they interpret and coordinate, what semiochemical vocabulary they share and which goals they try to reach. In a second stage I describe the main categories of sign-mediated interactions between bacterial and non-bacterial organisms, and between bacteria of the same or related species. In a third stage I will focus on the relationship between bacteria and their obligate settlers, i.e. viruses. We will see that bacteria are important hosts for multiviral colonisation and virally-determined order of nucleic acid sequences.

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