Experiential Manifestation of Youth Violence in Tanzania: A Case Study of Commando Yosso Notorious Youth Gangs

In many societies youth constitute presumably large segments of the population and loci of dependable breadwinners. The majorities do not however represent monolithic and organized social order, designate instead mundane performances such as rural-urban migrations, forming gangs for notorious activities and carrying out uncontrolled street-level informal economic operations. An increased trend of rural-urban migration annually exacerbates the common problem of youth unemployment. Problems of street-level employment opportunities force many youth to join notorious gang activities aimed at terrorizing communities barely for the sake of making ends meet. They formed nefarious gangs that assumed a common name of Commando Yosso deviously engaging in night licentious activities. A full-fledged program for eradication of violent gangs was established and implemented victoriously. The escalation of perilous activities of the Commando Yosso gangs paradoxically attracted many more rural youth who swarmed with alacrity in Dar es Salaam City in anticipation of making quick fortunes. Alas! Uncovering the dissolution of notorious youth gangs’ activities, the naïve new city comers joined in desperation street level petty businesses. The urbane former Commando Yosso conjoin other unrepentant youth to become regular street-level petty business marchers, hence took up an assumed name of Machinga or Wamachinga1. Therefore, it is significant for relevant authorities to enforce policies of an early warning intervention as a way of restraining notorious youth gangs before they become uncontrollable. This is of paramount importance because in most cases dangerous escapades start as a dot on the horizon

Design and construction of maintainable knowledge bases through effective use of entity-relationship modeling techniques

The use of an accepted logical database design tool, Entity-Relationship Diagrams (E-RD), is explored as a method by which conceptual and pseudo-conceptual knowledge bases may be designed. Extensions to Peter Chen\u27s classic E-RD method which can model knowledge structure used by knowledge-based applications are explored. The use of E-RDs to design knowledge bases is proposed as a two-stage process. In the first stage, and E-RD, termed the Essential E-RD, is developed of the realm of the problem or enterprise being modeled. The Essential E-RD is completely independent of any knowledge representation model (KRM) and is intended for the understanding of the underlying conceptual entities and relationships in the domain of interest. The second stage of the proposed design process consists of expanding the Essential E-RD. The resulting E-RD, termed the Implementation E-RD, is a network of E-RD-modeled KRM constructs and will provide a method by which the proper KRM may be chosen and the knowledge base may be maintained. In some cases, the constructs of the Implementation E-RD may be mapped directly to a physical knowledge base. Using the proposed design tool will aid in both the development of the knowledge base and its maintenance. The need for building maintainable knowledge bases and problems often encountered during knowledge base construction will be explored. A case study is presented in which this tool is used to design a knowledge base. Problems avoided by the use of this method are highlighted, as are advantages the method presents to the maintenance of the knowledge base. Finally, a critique of the ramifications of this research is presented, as well as needs for future research

Advocate, October 2004, Vol. [16], No. [2]

TABLE OF CONTENTS: Scaffolding Ads Remain Despite Expired Deadline. Andrew Kennis (p. 1) GC Students Win Right to Use Baruch Gym. James Trimarco (p. 1) AELLA Bakes for the People of Haiti. Valeria Treves (p. 1) Contents (p. 1) Editorial: A Generation Comes of Age (p. 2) Short Takes: CUNY Adopts Master Plan. CUNY Board of Trustees (p. 2) Nuclear Double Standard in the Middle East. Jae Kim (p. 6) Hierarchies in Bike Culture, Part II. Will Weikart (p. 10) Conference Review: Old Bottles / New Wine: Renewing the Anarchist Tradition. Will Weikart (p. 11) Some Facts About Hummers (p. 12) Masthead (p. 2) Community News How Will Your Professors Vote? Tony Monchinski (p. 3) Abu Ghraib at BMCC? Fatherland Security Hits CUNY. Abram Negrete (p. 4) Opinions & Analysis What about Vonnegut? Joe Sabino (p. 5) From UnAmerican to Too American in Thirty Seconds. Shukhan Ng (p. 7) Let’s Talk about America. Joseph Kaminski (p. 7) Comparative Politics: A Commentary on the Bush / Kerry Debates. Dan Skinner (p. 8) Choosing the Lesser Evil. Mariya Gluzman (p. 9) If You Had a Sibling / Close Friend or Relative Who Was Considering Enrolling at the GC What Would You Tell Her or Him? (p. 11) Round One: Marx [v.] Starbucks. Dan Skinner & Tony Monchinski (p. 16) Book Review Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, edited and with an introduction by Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon (Grove Press). Jason Shulman (p. 13) Film Reviews New Progressive Documentaries: “The Corporation”; “Supersize Me”; and “Howard Zinn: You Can’t Be Neutral on a Moving Train.” Tony Monchinski (p. 14) “Tango, Un Giro Extraño” / “Tango, A Strange Turn” directed by Mercedes García Guevara. Harlan D. Whatley (p. 14) Announcements / Advertisements Empire State Hands-On Physical Therapy & Pain Center (p. 4) O’Reilly’s Restaurant and Tavern (p. 5) Sleeping through Class? Doctoral Student Council Coffee Hour (p. 5) Duke’s Graduate Program in Civil & Environmental Engineering. Duke University (p. 9) Ace Your Job Interview. Cross-Cultural Connection (p. 13) DSC Announcements. Doctoral Students’ Council (p. 15) Women’s Studies Certificate Program (p. 15) Latin American Film Series. Doctoral Students’ Council (p. 16

Spirituality in Higher Education: A Narrative Analysis of Its Use for Decision-Making

This qualitative research study examines the role of spirituality as a tool for academic leaders in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system (MnSCU). The role of the academic leader (dean, vice president, president, etc.) encompasses a wide array of responsibilities and continually calls upon a large skill set in order to be effective in the position. Often times a leader’s decisions will be pivotal to the success of programs, departmental stability, and general divisional morale. Recognizing and embracing spirituality as a tool for working with faculty lessens stress, clarifies decisions, and invites dialogue and harmony where adversity and discourse might enter. This study focuses on the aspects of meaning making, servant leadership and authentic interaction. College and university leaders from various institutions in MnSCU were interviewed about the role spirituality plays in their daily interactions with faculty. Thematic categories were interpreted using research questions addressing the interpretation of separation of Church and State as it relates to spirituality, individual definitions of spirituality, and perceived attitudes on the part of faculty of administrators when spirituality has played a role in running an academic division of a state institution

THE ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF STRATEGIES AND FACTORS IN THE CAREER SUCCESSES OF PUBLIC LIBRARY DIRECTORS

This study examines the career development factors and strategies used by public library directors whose library systems service a population of 100,000 or more. The intent is to research the directors' own use of these factors and strategies, their perceived importance to the directors' career development and finally strategies recommended by the directors for use by middle level public library managers.This study addresses all three areas and produces a comparison of factor/strategy use vs. importance vs. suggested use. An integral part of this research includes tables showing the significance of relationships among the selected strategies as well as among the external factors of age, gender, geographic mobility and luck/serendipity. Independently recommended strategies are also provided by the directors for potential adoption by the middle-level manager. As such, the findings of this study may be used as a possible reference point to assist public library middle level managers in their own successful career development

Digital Critical Editing, Digital Text Analysis, and Charles R. Maturin’s Melmoth the Wanderer

This thesis considers why critical editions have not established themselves in the digital medium to the same extent as documentary editions and offers some potential ways to remedy this. The written thesis is accompanied by a digital critical edition of Charles R. Maturin’s Melmoth the Wanderer, which acts as an example of and case study for the arguments set forth in the written thesis. This edition can be accessed at app.melmoththewanderer.com or at https://pacific-harbor-2932.herokuapp.com/. Documentary editions have found a secure position in the digital medium because they have a solid pre-digital theoretical foundation in the work of Jerome McGann and D.F. McKenzie; digital documentary editions have also become part of the narrative of the rise of the digital humanities. Digital critical editions, however, have neither of these advantages. Editors must instead work to create digital critical editions that can not be easily achieved in the medium of print. This thesis proposes two potential ways that this can be done. Firstly, digital critical editions can benefit by being designed as usable editions that aid users in accessing the different parts of the text. This involves a slight reconception of the critical edition in the digital medium where the job of the editor is not the establishment of a single, stable text but is the establishment of multiple views of the text. Secondly, digital critical editions will also benefit from increased interaction with the field of digital text analysis. This can be achieved in a number of ways: by making the edition’s data available in multiple formats for analysis, by topic modelling a corpus of texts contemporary to the edition’s text and making visualisations of those topic models available to the user in the edition’s paratexts as a novel way of contextualising the edition text, and finally by allowing users to interrogate the results of those topic models while they browse the core text of the edition

Sustainable futuring. Learning and unlearning the past A critical discourse study of ‘fashion sustainability’-related discursive formations in Vogue Italia (1965-2021)

Recent scholarly works on the relationship between ‘fashion’ and ‘sustainability’ have identified a need for a systemic transition towards fashion media ‘for sustaianbility’. Nevertheless, the academic research on the topic is still limited and rather circumscribed to the analysis of marketing practices, while only recently some more systemic and critical analyses of the symbolic production of sustainability through fashion media have been undertaken. Responding to this need for an in-depth investigation of ‘sustainability’-related media production, my research focuses on the ‘fashion sustainability’-related discursive formations in the context of one of the most influential fashion magazines today – Vogue Italia. In order to investigate the ways in which the ‘sustainability’ discourse was formed and has evolved, the study considered the entire Vogue Italia archive from 1965 to 2021. The data collection was carried out in two phases, and the individualised relevant discursive units were then in-depth and critically analysed to allow for a grounded assessment of the media giant’s position. The Discourse-Historical Approach provided a methodological base for the analysis, which took into consideration the various levels of context: the immediate textual and intertextual, but also the broader socio-cultural context of the predominant, over-production oriented and capital-led fashion system. The findings led to a delineation of the evolution of the ‘fashion sustainability’ discourse, unveiling how despite Vogue Italia’s auto-determination as attentive to ‘sustainability’-related topics, the magazine is systemically employing discursive strategies which significantly mitigate the meaning of the ‘sustainable commitment’ and thus the meaning of ‘fashion sustainability’

A Race-Police Regime: NYPD Technology and Urban Governance in New York City

This dissertation draws on three years of ethnographic and archival research to explore the relationship between technology, policing and race at the NYPD. In focusing on the ways problems are constructed and police power enacted, I explore the more-than-human entanglements in the production of race and the governance of cities under racial capitalism. My overarching claim is that urban governance works through contentious techno-political arrangements I call race-police regimes, which sanction and elicit race by enacting forms of exclusion and belonging. Racial capitalism in New York City, I argue, is governed through a technocratic mode of policing which leverages and entrenches a liberal faith in crime statistics and a common sense regarding the objectivity of crime phenomena and the proper means of upholding social order. Even as it convenes carceral publics across class, race and gender divides, it also underwrites moral panics directed at presumptively criminal anticitizens which are figured archetypically as black. Race-police regimes produce their own justifications and so can remain viable when called into question by protests. Yet they are also riven with antagonism and thus constantly propelled toward rupture and reinvention

Bowdoin Orient v.119, no.1-25 (1989-1990)

https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/bowdoinorient-1990s/1000/thumbnail.jp

The Role of Individuals in Socio-Urban Exclusion : A case study on the School Institution in Santiago de Chile

This is a work concerned with the increasing processes of social exclusion in cities nowadays. In approaching this phenomenon, the research highlights how people interact with their institutional environments. This is also, perhaps centrally, an investigation into the possibility to engage an individual perspective to understand the transformation in urban experience, which is orienting society to new uses and forms of exclusion. Following the perspective deployed by the so-called “sociology of individuals” in French sociology or “reengagement of agency” in the Anglo-Saxon world; I claim that individuals as well as collectives are gaining increasing power to question and re-organize institutions. This re-organization, in the case of socio-urban institutions, is no guarantee for major levels in integration, cohesion, and equality. Unfortunately, social institutions are becoming hard in its exclusionary capabilities under people intervention during the last four decades. I believe that urban sociology is a field of struggle between different perspectives competing to “make sense” of social phenomena in cities. The orientation supported in this research is just one on many and it follows the roots of people and their life experiences within cities and how they influence the processes that shape the city. The last formulation is possibly not the clearest, because as we all know, references to “inhabitants” are presented in every variant of urban sociology. Nevertheless, there are not many variants focusing on peoples’ capability to influence institutional environments and by this way affecting the urban condition in which they find themselves. The particular institution selected for this study is the “School”. This thesis is organized around two parts: part one includes the conceptual framework, methodological approach, and historical contextualization; part two describes three case studies produced to analyse the forms of and the relations between individuals and school institution. Part one starts from a premise: within the context of declining welfare State in the case of industrialized countries, an important part of urban studies focuses on economic and spatial restructuration. Confronted with the same situation, a part of social sciences shifts to the individuals’ agency and social uncertainty. This research is embedded in the last theoretical description presented above, thus, because it tries to observe urban processes from the perspective of the individual and outside of developed economies. In this sense, Latin America represents a fundamental reference because urban conditions are historically marked by weak institutional arrangements to integrating people and large levels of marginality and exclusion among population. In this scenario individuals’ practices around inclusion-exclusion have an essential meaning in everyday life. Part two offers three study cases in which the relation between individuals and school institutions has been analyzed for the Metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile (MAS). Using different methodological resources an exhaustive account on three levels is presented: i) geo-referencing State intervention in public policies connected with neighborhood and schools to understand the form and extent of socio-urban exclusion in MAS, ii) narrative biographies applied to parents with children attending primary school, in order to reconstruct the familiar process of school selection and describing its impacts on the stabilization of school as an exclusionary device, and iii) autoethnography to describe in detail the temporal dimension involved in stabilizing actions which reinforces social mechanisms of urban integration-exclusion during the last three decades in Chile. A key argument advanced by this research proposes that: the way in which the idea of integration is enacted by people in their biographical careers imprints changes on the institutional orientation and by this way, contributes to the reorganization urban life. The high level of social exclusion in Santiago de Chile is not accountable without considering transformation in all socio-urban institutions, especially the school. No family considers social integration with people from a low social, economical or cultural background as relevant orientation for school selection. This particularity of the Chilean social reality is not derivable from any big capitalistic or modernization processes impacting our cities. Within the light of the thesis findings, I conclude that socio-urban institutions logics must be reassessment under the influences of people actions and representations. I also propose a consideration to major complementarities between urban studies and urban-institutions analysis. The school institutions is not just a sectorial field reserved to the researcher in education, on the contrary, it represent a key entrance to address people’s experience in their institutional urban environments. The re-emergence of social and urban movements in 2010, under the “Arab Spring” or the “Chilean Student Movements”, is not only a demonstration in the public space as result of major global trends. These situations are in essence, for this research, individuals gathering together and calling for recognition and autonomy inside institutional environment that tends to reject them. Similar situation was the focus of the Latin American urban sociology research, within the focus on grassroots and urban social movements at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s. In both cases, socio-urban institutions, unaware of recognition requirements claimed by inhabitants, are not beyond individual or collective reach. My main concern is to show that socio-urban institutions are constantly re-shaped as a result of individual action, what makes the difference, is the spirit that we all, socially, imprint on the logics of our socio-urban institutions, moving them to inclusion or exclusion