VEACON: A Vehicular Accident Ontology designed to improve safety on the roads

[EN] Vehicles are nowadays provided with a variety of new sensors capable of gathering information about themselves and from their surroundings. In a near future, these vehicles will also be capable of sharing all the harvested information, with the surrounding environment and among nearby vehicles over smart wireless links. They will also be able to connect with emergency services in case of accidents. Hence, distributed applications based on Vehicular Networks (VNs) will need to agree on a `common understanding¿ of context for interoperability, and, therefore, it is necessary to create a standard structure which enables data interoperability among all the different entities involved in transportation systems. In this paper, we focus on traffic safety applications; specifically, we present the VEhicular ACcident ONtology (VEACON) designed to improve traffic safety. Our ontology combines the information collected when an accident occurs, and the data available in the General Estimates System (GES) accidents database. We assess the reliability of our proposal using both realistic crash tests, held in the facilities of Applus+ IDIADA in Tarragona, Spain, and Vehicular Network simulations, based on the ns-2 simulation tool. Experimental results highlight that both nearby vehicles and infrastructure elements (RSUs) are correctly notified about an accident in just a few seconds, increasing the emergency services notification effectiveness. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01.Barrachina, J.; Garrido, P.; Fogue, M.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2012). VEACON: A Vehicular Accident Ontology designed to improve safety on the roads. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 35(6):1891-1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2012.07.013S1891190035

A systematic literature review on the relationship between autonomous vehicle technology and traffic-related mortality.

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2023. 2. 최태현.The society is anticipated to gain a lot from Autonomous Vehicles (AV), such as improved traffic flow and a decrease in accidents. They heavily rely on improvements in various Artificial Intelligence (AI) processes and strategies. Though some researchers in this field believe AV is the key to enhancing safety, others believe AV creates new challenges when it comes to ensuring the security of these new technology/systems and applications. The article conducts a systematic literature review on the relationship between autonomous vehicle technology and traffic-related mortality. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, articles from EBSCO, ProQuest, IEEE Explorer, Web of Science were chosen, and they were then sorted. The findings reveal that the most of these publications have been published in advanced transport-related journals. Future improvements in the automobile industry and the development of intelligent transportation systems could help reduce the number of fatal traffic accidents. Technologies for autonomous cars provide effective ways to enhance the driving experience and reduce the number of traffic accidents. A multitude of driving-related problems, such as crashes, traffic, energy usage, and environmental pollution, will be helped by autonomous driving technology. More research is needed for the significant majority of the studies that were assessed. They need to be expanded so that they can be tested in real-world or computer-simulated scenarios, in better and more realistic scenarios, with better and more data, and in experimental designs where the results of the proposed strategy are compared to those of industry standards and competing strategies. Therefore, additional study with improved methods is needed. Another major area that requires additional research is the moral and ethical choices made by AVs. Government, policy makers, manufacturers, and designers all need to do many actions in order to deploy autonomous vehicles on the road effectively. The government should develop laws, rules, and an action plan in particular. It is important to create more effective programs that might encourage the adoption of emerging technology in transportation systems, such as driverless vehicles. In this regard, user perception becomes essential since it may inform designers about current issues and observations made by people. The perceptions of autonomous car users in developing countries like Azerbaijan haven't been thoroughly studied up to this point. The manufacturer has to fix the system flaw and needs a good data set for efficient operation. In the not-too-distant future, the widespread use of highly automated vehicles (AVs) may open up intriguing new possibilities for resolving persistent issues in current safety-related research. Further research is required to better understand and quantify the significant policy implications of Avs, taking into consideration factors like penetration rate, public adoption, technological advancements, traffic patterns, and business models. It only needs to take into account peer-reviewed, full-text journal papers for the investigation, but it's clear that a larger database and more documents would provide more results and a more thorough analysis.자율주행차(AV)를 통해 교통 흐름이 개선되고 사고가 줄어드는 등 사회가 얻는 것이 많을 것으로 예상된다. 그들은 다양한 인공지능(AI) 프로세스와 전략의 개선에 크게 의존한다. 이 분야의 일부 연구자들은 AV가 안전성을 향상시키는 열쇠라고 믿지만, 다른 연구자들은 AV가 이러한 새로운 기술/시스템 및 애플리케이션의 보안을 보장하는 것과 관련하여 새로운 문제를 야기한다고 믿는다. 이 논문은 자율주행차 기술과 교통 관련 사망률 사이의 관계에 대한 체계적인 문헌 검토를 수행한다. 포함 및 제외 기준에 따라 EBSCO, ProQuest, IEEE Explorer 및 Web of Science의 기사를 선택하고 분류했다.연구 결과는 이러한 출판물의 대부분이 고급 운송 관련 저널에 게재되었음을 보여준다. 미래의 자동차 산업의 개선과 지능형 교통 시스템의 개발은 치명적인 교통 사고의 수를 줄이는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 자율주행 자동차 기술은 운전 경험을 향상시키고 교통 사고의 수를 줄일 수 있는 효과적인 방법을 제공한다. 충돌, 교통, 에너지 사용, 환경 오염과 같은 수많은 운전 관련 문제들은 자율 주행 기술에 의해 도움을 받을 것이다. 평가된 대부분의 연구에 대해 더 많은 연구가 필요하다. 실제 또는 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 시나리오, 더 좋고 현실적인 시나리오, 더 좋고 더 많은 데이터, 그리고 제안된 전략 결과가 산업 표준 및 경쟁 전략의 결과와 비교되는 실험 설계에서 테스트될 수 있도록 확장되어야 한다. 따라서 개선된 방법에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다. 추가 연구가 필요한 또 다른 주요 분야는 AV의 도덕적, 윤리적 선택이다. 정부, 정책 입안자, 제조업체 및 설계자는 모두 자율 주행 차량을 효과적으로 도로에 배치하기 위해 많은 조치를 취해야 한다. 정부는 특히 법, 규칙, 실행 계획을 개발해야 한다. 운전자 없는 차량과 같은 운송 시스템에서 새로운 기술의 채택을 장려할 수 있는 보다 효과적인 프로그램을 만드는 것이 중요하다. 이와 관련하여, 설계자에게 현재 이슈와 사람에 의한 관찰을 알려줄 수 있기 때문에 사용자 인식이 필수적이 된다.제조업체는 시스템 결함을 수정해야 하며 효율적인 작동을 위해 좋은 데이터 세트가 필요하다. 멀지 않은 미래에, 고도로 자동화된 차량(AV)의 광범위한 사용은 현재의 안전 관련 연구에서 지속적인 문제를 해결하기 위한 흥미로운 새로운 가능성을 열어줄 수 있다. 보급률, 공공 채택, 기술 발전, 교통 패턴 및 비즈니스 모델과 같은 요소를 고려하여 Avs의 중요한 정책 영향을 더 잘 이해하고 정량화하기 위한 추가 연구가 필요하다. 조사를 위해 동료 검토를 거친 전문 저널 논문만 고려하면 되지만, 데이터베이스가 커지고 문서가 많아지면 더 많은 결과와 더 철저한 분석이 제공될 것이 분명하다.Abstract 3 Table of Contents 6 List of Tables 7 List of Figures 7 List of Appendix 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8 1.1. Background 8 1.2. Purpose of Research 13 CHAPTER 2: AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES 21 2.1. Intelligent Traffic Systems 21 2.2. System Architecture for Autonomous Vehicles 22 2.3. Key components in AV classification 27 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE 35 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 39 4.1. RQ1: Do autonomous vehicles reduce traffic-related deaths 40 4.2. RQ2: Are there any challenges to using autonomous vehicles 63 4.3. RQ3: As a developing country, how effective is the use of autonomous vehicles for reducing traffic mortality 72 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 76 5.1. Summary 76 5.2. Implications and Recommendations 80 5.3. Limitation of the study 91 Bibliography 93 List of Tables Table 1: The 6 Levels of Autonomous Vehicles Table 2: Search strings Table 3: Inclusion and exclusion criteria List of Figures Figure 1: Traffic Death Comparison with Europe Figure 2: Research strategy and study selection process List of Appendix Appendix 1: List of selected articles석

Control and communication systems for automated vehicles cooperation and coordination

Mención Internacional en el título de doctorThe technological advances in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are exponentially improving over the last century. The objective is to provide intelligent and innovative services for the different modes of transportation, towards a better, safer, coordinated and smarter transport networks. The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) focus is divided into two main categories; the first is to improve existing components of the transport networks, while the second is to develop intelligent vehicles which facilitate the transportation process. Different research efforts have been exerted to tackle various aspects in the fields of the automated vehicles. Accordingly, this thesis is addressing the problem of multiple automated vehicles cooperation and coordination. At first, 3DCoAutoSim driving simulator was developed in Unity game engine and connected to Robot Operating System (ROS) framework and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO). 3DCoAutoSim is an abbreviation for "3D Simulator for Cooperative Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Vehicles Simulator". 3DCoAutoSim was tested under different circumstances and conditions, afterward, it was validated through carrying-out several controlled experiments and compare the results against their counter reality experiments. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the simulator to handle different situations, emulating real world vehicles. Next is the development of the iCab platforms, which is an abbreviation for "Intelligent Campus Automobile". The platforms are two electric golf-carts that were modified mechanically, electronically and electrically towards the goal of automated driving. Each iCab was equipped with several on-board embedded computers, perception sensors and auxiliary devices, in order to execute the necessary actions for self-driving. Moreover, the platforms are capable of several Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication schemes, applying three layers of control, utilizing cooperation architecture for platooning, executing localization systems, mapping systems, perception systems, and finally several planning systems. Hundreds of experiments were carried-out for the validation of each system in the iCab platform. Results proved the functionality of the platform to self-drive from one point to another with minimal human intervention.Los avances tecnológicos en Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITS) han crecido de forma exponencial durante el último siglo. El objetivo de estos avances es el de proveer de sistemas innovadores e inteligentes para ser aplicados a los diferentes medios de transporte, con el fin de conseguir un transporte mas eficiente, seguro, coordinado e inteligente. El foco de los ITS se divide principalmente en dos categorías; la primera es la mejora de los componentes ya existentes en las redes de transporte, mientras que la segunda es la de desarrollar vehículos inteligentes que hagan más fácil y eficiente el transporte. Diferentes esfuerzos de investigación se han llevado a cabo con el fin de solucionar los numerosos aspectos asociados con la conducción autónoma. Esta tesis propone una solución para la cooperación y coordinación de múltiples vehículos. Para ello, en primer lugar se desarrolló un simulador (3DCoAutoSim) de conducción basado en el motor de juegos Unity, conectado al framework Robot Operating System (ROS) y al simulador Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO). 3DCoAutoSim ha sido probado en diferentes condiciones y circunstancias, para posteriormente validarlo con resultados a través de varios experimentos reales controlados. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la eficiencia del simulador para manejar diferentes situaciones, emulando los vehículos en el mundo real. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló la plataforma de investigación Intelligent Campus Automobile (iCab), que consiste en dos carritos eléctricos de golf, que fueron modificados eléctrica, mecánica y electrónicamente para darle capacidades autónomas. Cada iCab se equipó con diferentes computadoras embebidas, sensores de percepción y unidades auxiliares, con la finalidad de transformarlos en vehículos autónomos. Además, se les han dado capacidad de comunicación multimodal (V2X), se les han aplicado tres capas de control, incorporando una arquitectura de cooperación para operación en modo tren, diferentes esquemas de localización, mapeado, percepción y planificación de rutas. Innumerables experimentos han sido realizados para validar cada uno de los diferentes sistemas incorporados. Los resultados prueban la funcionalidad de esta plataforma para realizar conducción autónoma y cooperativa con mínima intervención humana.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y AutomáticaPresidente: Francisco Javier Otamendi Fernández de la Puebla.- Secretario: Hanno Hildmann.- Vocal: Pietro Cerr

INTELLIGENTE TRANSPORT SYSTEMEN ITS EN VERKEERSVEILIGHEID

This report discusses Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). This generic term is used for a broad range of information-, control- and electronic technology that can be integrated in the road infrastructure and the vehicles themselves, saving lives, time and money bymonitoring and managing traffic flows, reducing conges-tion, avoiding accidents, etc. Because this report was written in the scope of the Policy Research Centre Mobility & Public Works, track Traffic Safety, it focuses on ITS systems from the traffic safety point of view. Within the whole range of ITS systems, two categories can be distinguished: autonomous and cooperative systems. Autonomous systems are all forms of ITS which operate by itself, and do not depend on the cooperation with other vehicles or supporting infrastructure. Example applications are blind spot detection using radar, electronic stability control, dynamic traffic management using variable road signs, emergency call, etc. Cooperative systems are ITS systems based on communication and cooperation, both between vehicles as between vehicles and infrastructure. Example applications are alerting vehicles approaching a traffic jam, exchanging data regarding hazardous road conditions, extended electronic brake light, etc. In some cases, autonomous systems can evolve to autonomous cooperative systems. ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation) is an example of this: the dynamic aspect as well as communication with infrastructure (eg Traffic lights, Variable Message Sign (VMS)...) can provide additional road safety. This is the clear link between the two parts of this report. The many ITS applications are an indicator of the high expectations from the government, the academic world and the industry regarding the possibilities made possible by both categories of ITS systems. Therefore, the comprehensive discussion of both of them is the core of this report. The first part of the report covering the autonomous systems treats two aspects: 1. Overview of European projects related to mobility and in particular to road safety 2. Overview for guidelines for the evaluation of ITS projects. Out of the wide range of diverse (autonomous) ITS applications a selection is made; this selection is focused on E Safety Forum and PreVENT. Especially the PreVent research project is interesting because ITS-applications have led to a number of concrete demonstration vehicles that showed - in protected and unprotected surroundings- that these ITS-applications are already technically useful or could be developed into useful products. The component “guidelines for the evaluation of ITS projects” outlines that the government has to have specific evaluation tools if the government has the ambition of using ITS-applications for road safety. Two projects -guidelines for the evaluation of ITS projects- are examined; a third evaluation method is only mentioned because this description shows that a specific targeting of the government can be desirable : 1. TRACE describes the guidelines for the evaluation of ITS projects which are useful for the evaluation of specific ITS-applications. 2. FITS contains Finnish guidelines for the evaluation of ITS project; FIS is an adaptation of methods used for evaluation of transport projects. 3. The third evaluation method for the evaluation of ITS projects is developed in an ongoing European research project, eImpact. eImpact is important because, a specific consultation of stake holders shows that the social importance of some techniques is underestimated. These preliminary results show that an appropriate guiding role for the government could be important. In the second part of this document the cooperative systems are discussed in depth. These systems enable a large number of applications with an important social relevance, both on the level of the environment, mobility and traffic safety. Cooperative systems make it possible to warn drivers in time to avoid collisions (e.g. when approaching the tail of a traffic jam, or when a ghost driver is detected). Hazardous road conditions can be automatically communicated to other drivers (e.g. after the detection of black ice or an oil trail by the ESP). Navigation systems can receive detailed real-time up-dates about the current traffic situation and can take this into account when calculating their routes. When a traffic distortion occurs, traffic centers can immediately take action and can actively influence the way that the traffic will be diverted. Drivers can be notified well in advance about approaching emergency vehicles, and can be directed to yield way in a uniform manner. This is just a small selection from the large number of applications that are made possible because of cooperative ITS systems, but it is very obvious that these systems can make a significant positive contribution to traffic safety. In literature it is estimated that the decrease of accidents with injuries of fatalities will be between 20% and 50% . It is not suprising that ITS systems receive a lot of attention for the moment. On an international level, a number of standards are being established regarding this topic. The International Telecommunications Uniont (ITU), Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Association of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB) and European committee for standardization (CEN) are currently defining standards that describe different aspects of ITS systems. One of the names that is mostly mentioned in literature is the ISO TC204/WG16 Communications Architecture for Land Mobile environment (CALM) standard. It describes a framework that enables transparent (both for the application and the user) continuous communication through different communication media. Besides the innumerable standardization activities, there is a great number of active research projects. On European level, the most important are the i2010 Intelligent Car Initiative, the eSafety Forum, and the COMeSafety, the CVIS, the SAFESPOT, the COOPERS and the SEVECOM project. The i2010 Intelligent Car Initiative is an European initiative with the goal to halve the number of traffic casualties by 2010. The eSafety Forum is an initiative of the European Commission, industry and other stakeholders and targets the acceleration of development and deployment of safety-related ITS systems. The COMeSafety project supports the eSafety Forum on the field of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. In the CVIS project, attention is given to both technical and non-technical issues, with the main goal to develop the first free and open reference implementation of the CALM architecture. The SAFEST project investigates which data is important for safety applications, and with which algorithmsthis data can be extracted from vehicles and infrastructure. The COOPERS project mainly targets communication between vehicles and dedicated roadside infrastructure. Finally, the SEVECOM project researches security and privacy issues. Besides the European projects, research is also conducted in the United States of America (CICAS and VII projects) and in Japan (AHSRA, VICS, Smartway, internetITS). Besides standardization bodies and governmental organizations, also the industry has a considerable interest in ITS systems. In the scope of their ITS activities, a number of companies are united in national and international organizations. On an international level, the best known names are the Car 2 Car Communication Consortium, and Ertico. The C2C CC unites the large European car manufacturers, and focuses on the development of an open standard for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications based on the already well established IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard. Ertico is an European multi-sector, public/private partnership with the intended purpose of the development and introduction of ITS systems. On a national level, FlandersDrive and The Telematics Cluster / ITS Belgium are the best known organizations. Despite the worldwide activities regarding (cooperative) ITS systems, there still is no consensus about the wireless technology to be used in such systems. This can be put down to the fact that a large number of suitable technologies exist or are under development. Each technology has its specific advantages and disadvantages, but no single technology is the ideal solution for every ITS application. However, the different candidates can be classified in three distinct categories. The first group contains solutions for Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), such as the WAVE technology. The second group is made up of several cellular communication networks providing coverage over wide areas. Examples are GPRS (data communication using the GSM network), UMTS (faster then GPRS), WiMAX (even faster then UMTS) and MBWA (similar to WiMAX). The third group consists of digital data broadcast technologies such as RDS (via the current FM radio transmissions, slow), DAB and DMB (via current digital radio transmissions, quicker) and DVB-H (via future digital television transmissions for mobiledevices, quickest). The previous makes it clear that ITS systems are a hot topic right now, and they receive a lot of attention from the academic world, the standardization bodies and the industry. Therefore, it seems like that it is just a matter of time before ITS systems will find their way into the daily live. Due to the large number of suitable technologies for the implementation of cooperative ITS systems, it is very hard to define which role the government has to play in these developments, and which are the next steps to take. These issues were addressed in reports produced by the i2010 Intelligent Car Initiative and the CVIS project. Their state of the art overview revealed that until now, no country has successfully deployed a fully operational ITS system yet. Seven EU countries are the furthest and are already in the deployment phase: Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Finland, Spain and France. These countries are trailed by eight countries which are in the promotion phase: Denmark, Greece, Italy, Austria, Belgium,Norway, the Czech Republic and Poland. Finally, the last ten countries find themselves in the start-up phase: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Hungary, Portugal, Switzerland, Ireland and Luxembourg. These European reports produced by the i2010 Intelligent Car Initiative and the CVIS project have defined a few policy recommendations which are very relevant for the Belgian and Flemish government. The most important recommendations for the Flemish government are: • Support awareness: research revealed that civilians consider ITS applications useful, but they are not really willing to pay for this technology. Therefore, it is important to convince the general public of the usefulness and the importance of ITS systems. • Fill the gaps: Belgium is situated in the promotion phase. This means that it should focus at identifying the missing stakeholders, and coordinating national and regional ITS activities. Here it is important that the research activities are coordinated in a national and international context to allow transfer of knowledge from one study to the next, as well as the results to be comparable. • Develop a vision: in the scope of ITS systems policies have to be defined regarding a large number of issues. For instance there is the question if ITS users should be educated, meaning that the use of ITS systems should be the subject of the drivers license exam. How will the regulations be for the technical inspection of vehicles equipped with ITS technology? Will ITS systems be deployed on a voluntary base, or will they e.g. be obliged in every new car? Will the services be offered by private companies, by the public authorities, or by a combination of them? Which technology will be used to implement ITS systems? These are just a few of the many questions where the government will have to develop a point of view for. • Policy coordination: ITS systems are a policy subject on an international, national and regional level. It is very important that these policy organizations can collaborate in a coordinated manner. • Iterative approach to policy development: developing policies for this complex matter is not a simple task. This asks for an iterative approach, where policy decisions are continuously refined and adjusted

Vehicle and Traffic Safety

The book is devoted to contemporary issues regarding the safety of motor vehicles and road traffic. It presents the achievements of scientists, specialists, and industry representatives in the following selected areas of road transport safety and automotive engineering: active and passive vehicle safety, vehicle dynamics and stability, testing of vehicles (and their assemblies), including electric cars as well as autonomous vehicles. Selected issues from the area of accident analysis and reconstruction are discussed. The impact on road safety of aspects such as traffic control systems, road infrastructure, and human factors is also considered

Designing innovative transport systems, electric and automated on priority corridors

This study focuses on two great technologies improvements, they are vehicle automation and newest fast charging methods that could enable new and innovative transport systems. Automated and electric vehicles could will enable first/last mile efficient transport services, economically and environmentally sustainable that could be useful to improve transportation services in rural sprawled areas with a low density of transport demand. It is proposed an innovative system concerning electric and automated vehicles in specific paths called priority corridors, it is described a methodology of designing leaving the detailed analysis and impacts analysis to future studies. Automation, Internet of Things and smartphones are revolutionising mobility and with it the economy. With such mobility revolution all aspects of our life, economic, social and environmental will be impacted. Automated vehicles can be deployed as personal vehicles or as shared vehicles; while personal vehicles are not yet ready for deployment shared vehicles are. This work aims to propose an innovative transport system with off the shelf technologies and a methodology of design dealing with vehicle automation, current designing methods and environmental impacts. The methodology foresees six steps, they could be repeated with an iterative change of parameters in order to compare different results. These steps are: Parameters and input data, Itinerary analysis and corridors identification, Corridor choice and speed profile generation, Vehicle choice and fleet dimensioning, Electric traction needs and specifications, Results evaluation. Four categories of results are considered: vehicles and operators needed, energy consumption, transportation and socio-economic evaluation. After the results calculation, it is required an evaluation of them. Methodology is applied to Mentana, a little town in the outskirts of Rome. Mentana has only one corridor that links city centre to train station be distant eight kilometres. Economic results are positive, revenues cover operative costs and the whole system doesn’t require subsides

Integrating Haptic Feedback into Mobile Location Based Services

Haptics is a feedback technology that takes advantage of the human sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, and/or motions to a haptic-enabled device such as a mobile phone. Historically, human-computer interaction has been visual - text and images on the screen. Haptic feedback can be an important additional method especially in Mobile Location Based Services such as knowledge discovery, pedestrian navigation and notification systems. A knowledge discovery system called the Haptic GeoWand is a low interaction system that allows users to query geo-tagged data around them by using a point-and-scan technique with their mobile device. Haptic Pedestrian is a navigation system for walkers. Four prototypes have been developed classified according to the user’s guidance requirements, the user type (based on spatial skills), and overall system complexity. Haptic Transit is a notification system that provides spatial information to the users of public transport. In all these systems, haptic feedback is used to convey information about location, orientation, density and distance by use of the vibration alarm with varying frequencies and patterns to help understand the physical environment. Trials elicited positive responses from the users who see benefit in being provided with a “heads up” approach to mobile navigation. Results from a memory recall test show that the users of haptic feedback for navigation had better memory recall of the region traversed than the users of landmark images. Haptics integrated into a multi-modal navigation system provides more usable, less distracting but more effective interaction than conventional systems. Enhancements to the current work could include integration of contextual information, detailed large-scale user trials and the exploration of using haptics within confined indoor spaces

The European road safety decision support system. A clearinghouse of road safety risks and measures, Deliverable 8.3 of the H2020 project SafetyCube

Safety CaUsation, Benefits and Efficiency (SafetyCube) is a European Commission supported Horizon 2020 project with the objective of developing an innovative road safety Decision Support System (DSS) that will enable policy-makers and stakeholders to select and implement the most appropriate strategies, measures and cost-effective approaches to reduce casualties of all road user types and all severities. The core of the SafetyCube project is a comprehensive analysis of accident risks and the effectiveness and cost-benefit of safety measures, focusing on road users, infrastructure, vehicles and post-impace care, framed within a Safe System approach ,with road safety stakeholders at the national level, EU and beyond having involvement at all stages. The present Deliverable (8.3) outlines the methods and outputs of SafetyCube Task 8.3 - ‘Decision Support System of road safety risks and measures’. A Glossary of the SafetyCube DSS is available to the Appendix of this report. The identification and assessment of user needs for a road safety DSS was conducted on the basis of a broad stakeholders’ consultation. Dedicated stakeholder workshops yielded comments and input on the SafetyCube methodology, the structure of the DSS and identification of road safety "hot topics" for human behaviour, infrastructure and vehicles. Additionally, a review of existing decision support systems, was carried out; their functions and contents were assessed, indicating that despite their usefulness they are of relatively narrow scope.... continue