Estratégias de controle de trajetórias para cadeira de rodas robotizadas

Orientador: Eleri CardozoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: Desde os anos 80, diversos trabalhos foram publicados com o objetivo de propor soluções alternativas para usuários de cadeira de rodas motorizadas com severa deficiência motora e que não possuam capacidade de operar um joystick mecânico. Dentre essas soluções estão interfaces assistivas que auxiliam no comando da cadeira de rodas através de diversos mecanismos como expressões faciais, interfaces cérebro-computador, e rastreamento de olho. Além disso, as cadeiras de rodas ganharam certa autonomia para realizar determinadas tarefas que vão de desviar de obstáculos, abrir portas e até planejar e executar rotas. Para que estas tarefas possam ser executadas, é necessário que as cadeiras de rodas tenham estruturas não convencionais, habilidade de sensoriamento do ambiente e estratégias de controle de locomoção. O objetivo principal é disponibilizar uma cadeira de rodas que ofereça conforto ao usuário e que possua um condução segura não importando o tipo de deficiência do usuário. Entretanto, durante a condução da cadeira de rodas, o desalinhamento das rodas castores podem oferecer certo perigo ao usuário, uma vez que, dependendo da maneira em que elas estejam orientadas, instabilidades podem ocorrer, culminando em acidentes. Da mesma forma, o desalinhamento das rodas castores é considerado um dos principais causadores de desvios de trajetória que ocorrem durante a movimentação da cadeira de rodas, juntamente com diferentes distribuições de pesos ou diferentes atritos entre as rodas e o chão. Nesta dissertação, é considerado apenas o desalinhamento das rodas castores como único causador de desvio de trajetória da cadeira de rodas e, dessa forma, são propostas soluções que possam reduzir ou até mesmo eliminar o efeito deste desalinhamento. Com a implementação das melhores soluções desenvolvidas neste trabalho, é possível fazer com que diversas interfaces assistivas que têm baixa taxa de comandos possam ser utilizadas, uma vez que o usuário não precisa, constantemente, corrigir o desvio da trajetória desejada. Ademais, é elaborado um novo projeto de cadeira de rodas "inteligente" para a implementação das técnicas desenvolvidas neste trabalhoAbstract: Since the 1980s several works were published proposing alternative solutions for users of powered wheelchairs with severe mobility impairments and that are not able to operate a mechanical joystick. Such solutions commonly focus on assistive interfaces that help commanding the wheelchair through distinct mechanisms such as facial expressions, brain-computer interfaces, and eye tracking. Besides that, the wheelchairs have achieved a certain level of autonomy to accomplish determined tasks such as obstacle avoidance, doors opening and even path planning and execution. For these tasks to be performed, it is necessary the wheelchairs to have a non conventional designs, ability to sense the environment and locomotion control strategies. The ultimate objective is to offer a comfortable and safe conduction no matter the user's mobility impairments. However, while driving the wheelchair, the caster wheels' misalignment might offer risks to the user, because, depending on the way they are initially oriented, instabilities may occur causing accidents. Similarly, the caster wheels' misalignment can be considered, among others like different weight distribution or different friction between wheel and floor, one of the main causes of path deviation from the intended trajectory while the wheelchair is moving. In this dissertation, it is considered the caster wheels' misalignment as the unique generator of wheelchair path deviation and, therefore, it is proposed different solutions in order to reduce or even eliminate the effects of the misalignment. The implementation of the best solutions developed in this work allows assistive interfaces with low rate of commands to be widespread, once the user does not need to, constantly, correct path deviation. Additionally, a new smart wheelchair project is elaborated for the implementation of the techniques developed in this workMestradoEngenharia de ComputaçãoMestre em Engenharia Elétrica88882.329382/2019-01CAPE

Review on strain sensors for detection of human facial expressions recognition systems

Facial expression plays an important factor in human communication which helps us to understand the intentions and emotions of others. Generally, people infer the emotional states of other people such as fear, sadness, joy and anger just by looking at the facial expression and vocal tone. Moreover, facial expression can also be used to deliver messages especially for those who are paralyzed which their only means of communication is through facial expression. Therefore, by exploiting the facial expression of a paralyzed patient, a sensory system could be developed which would allow the patient to communicate with others and to assist them to actuate robotic limbs in order to improve their mobility. Conventional methods such as vision sensors that use cameras to detect facial expression have suffered from low mobility, high complexity, high cost and difficulty to adapt as wearable. Stretchable electronic devices have been developed for various applications including heaters, energy converters, transistors and sensors. Wearability, conformability to the skin, less complicated design and low cost promotes the use of strain sensor as part of a system for facial expression detection. This review paper presents the development of stretchable strain sensors for human facial expression detection focusing mainly on the materials and fabrication strategies. In addition, this paper also provides fundamental structural design as well as challenges and opportunities in realizing stretchable strain sensor and their various potential applications

Développement d'une approche d'entrainement pour l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé pour les personnes ayant une déficience cognitive

Introduction : La mobilité détermine la possibilité de s'engager dans des activités de la vie quotidienne et contribue au maintien de la santé et du bien-être. De plus en plus de personnes présentent des limitations à la mobilité. Le fauteuil roulant motorisé est une aide à la mobilité qui peut devenir nécessaire. Les personnes qui ont besoin d'utiliser un fauteuil roulant motorisé peuvent présenter un ensemble complexe de déficiences physiques, cognitives ou sensorielles. Afin de favoriser une utilisation efficace et sécuritaire du fauteuil roulant motorisé, l'Organisation mondiale de la santé recommande d'entrainer tous les utilisateurs de fauteuil roulant motorisé à l'utilisation de leur aide à la mobilité. Cependant, les approches d'entrainements existantes ne répondent pas aux besoins de mobilité et aux besoins d'apprentissage des personnes ayant une déficience cognitive. De ce fait, ces personnes sont majoritairement exclues des processus d'attribution avant même qu'elles aient eu la possibilité de recevoir un entrainement adapté. L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à développer une approche d'entrainement à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé pour les personnes ayant une déficience cognitive. Cet objectif repose sur l'hypothèse qu'un entrainement à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé adapté aux besoins des utilisateurs ayant une déficience cognitive permettrait d'améliorer l'attribution du fauteuil roulant motorisé à cette population en lui permettant de développer des habiletés et d'améliorer sa sécurité. Méthodologies : Le modèle méthodologique New Medical Research Council Framework comprend quatre phases orientant le développement d'interventions complexes en santé. Ce modèle a été utilisé pour structurer les différentes étapes de cette thèse. Les quatre études réalisées complètent les deux premières phases du modèle (développement et faisabilité). Une étude de la portée a été réalisée afin d'explorer les relations entre le fonctionnement cognitif et l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé (Chapitre 2). Une étude transversale a exploré les relations entre l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé, le fonctionnement cognitif et la confiance chez des utilisateurs expérimentés de fauteuil roulant motorisé. Les variables étaient évaluées par des outils d'évaluation clinique reconnus (Chapitre 3). Une méthode mixte a été réalisée pour co-créer une approche d'entrainement pour la mobilité. Cette étude, incluant des utilisateurs de fauteuil roulant motorisé, des ergothérapeutes et des chercheurs, a utilisé des groupes de discussion focalisée (phase 1) et la méthode Delphi (phase 2) (Chapitre 4). La faisabilité et l'applicabilité clinique de l'approche d'entrainement ont été testées auprès de personnes qui venaient de se voir attribuer un fauteuil roulant motorisé ou qui avaient été évaluées comme nécessitant un entrainement supplémentaire avant de se voir attribuer le fauteuil roulant motorisé (Chapitre 5). Résultats : Une bonne efficience cognitive et la confiance perçue sont nécessaires pour utiliser un fauteuil roulant motorisé, les déficiences cognitives influençant négativement l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé et la confiance perçue par l'utilisateur. Cependant, malgré la présence de déficiences cognitives il peut être possible d'utiliser un fauteuil roulant motorisé de façon sécuritaire et d'améliorer les capacités à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé si elles sont entrainées (Chapitres 2 et 3). Ces constats ont bâti le socle théorique de l'approche d'entrainement. Les parties prenantes au projet (phase 1 : n=16; phase 2 : n=207) ont convenu que l'approche d'entrainement à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé en présence de déficience cognitive devrait être centrée sur les objectifs individuels de la personne, devrait être basée sur les occupations, devrait favoriser une relation de confiance entre la personne et l'entraineur, et devrait être réalisée dans un environnement réel, sécuritaire et adapté (Chapitre 4). Il a finalement été démontré que cette approche d'entrainement à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé est faisable et applicable en pratique clinique (Chapitre 5). Conclusion : Une nouvelle approche d'entrainement à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé pour les personnes ayant une déficience cognitive a été développée dans ce travail de recherche. Elle comble une lacune en matière d'entrainement à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé. Pour les ergothérapeutes, elle élargit les approches d'entrainement disponibles. Pour les utilisateurs de fauteuil roulant motorisé, elle offre la possibilité d'accéder à l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé et de développer performance et confiance lors de l'utilisation du fauteuil roulant motorisé. De futures études évaluant à plus grande échelle l'efficacité de cette nouvelle approche d'entrainement et évaluant son implantation en pratique clinique devraient être investies pour compléter les deux dernières phases du modèle méthodologique New Medical Research Council framework.Introduction: Functional and independent mobility determines the ability to engage in activities of daily living and contributes to health and well-being. However, more and more people present mobility limitations. To over come these limitations, power wheelchair is a mobility aid that may become necessary. People who require using a power wheelchair to enable them to be mobile generally have a complex set of motor, cognitive and sensory impairments. In addition, these individuals do not represent a homogeneous group of people. To promote safe and effective use of power wheelchair, the World Health Organization recommends that all new power wheelchair users have to be trained to use their mobility aid. However, available training approaches do not meet the mobility and learning needs of individuals with cognitive impairments. As a result, these individuals are largely excluded from power wheelchair provision before they get a chance to try using a power wheelchair or receiving appropriate training. This thesis assumes that power wheelchair training tailored to the needs of cognitively impaired users would allow future users would have a more independent and safer mobility. The overall objective of this thesis was to develop a power wheelchair training approach for individuals with cognitive impairments. Methodologies: The New Medical Research Council Framework methodological model includes four phases guiding the development of complex health interventions. This model was used to structure the realization of this thesis. The four studies correspond to the first two phases of this methodological model (development and clinical applicability). A scoping review was conducted to explore the relationships between cognitive functioning and power wheelchair use (Chapter 2). A cross-sectional study explored the relationships between power wheelchair use, cognitive functioning, and confidence among experienced power wheelchair users. The variables were assessed by recognized clinical assessment tools (Chapter 3). A mixed-methods approach was realized to co-create an innovative approach to power wheelchaur training for individuals with mobility and cognitive impairments. This study including power wheelchair users, occupational therapists, and researchers used focus groups (Phase 1) and the Delphi method (Phase 2) (Chapter 4). The feasibility and the clinical applicability of the training approach was tested with individuals who had recently been provided a power wheelchair or who had been assessed as requiring additional training prior to being provided a power wheelchair (Chapter 5). Results: Cognitive functioning and perceived confidence are necessary to use a power wheelchair, with cognitive impairments negatively influencing power wheelchair use and user perceived confidence. However, individuals with diverse cognitive impairments can safely use a power wheelchair and can improve their power wheelchair skills if trained is provided (Chapters 2 and 3). These findings formed the theoretical basis for the training approach. The stakeholders of the research project (Phase 1: n=16; Phase 2: n=207) agreed that the power wheelchair training approach should focus on the individual's goals, should be occupation-based, should foster a trusting relationship between the person and the trainer, and should be carried out in a safe, adapted, and real-world environment (Chapter 4). Finally, with few modifications the developed training approach may be applicable in clinical practice(Chapter 5). Conclusion: An innovative power wheelchair training approach adapted for people with cognitive impairment is available. It fills a gap in power wheelchair training. For occupational therapists it expands the training approaches available. For power wheelchair users, this innovative training approach has the potential to improve their performance and confidence when using a power wheelchair. Future studies evaluating the effectiveness of this new training approach on a larger scale and assessing its implementation in clinical practice should be investigated to complete the last two phases of the New Medical Research Council framework

Proceedings of the 7th international conference on disability, virtual reality and associated technologies, with ArtAbilitation (ICDVRAT 2008)

The proceedings of the conferenc

The Angel of Art Sees the Future Even as She Flies Backwards: Enabling Deep Relational Encounter Through Participatory Practice-Based Research.

This research addresses the current lack of opportunity within interdisciplinary arts practices for deep one-to-one relational encounters between creative practitioners operating in applied arts, performance, and workshop contexts with participant-subjects. This artistic problem is situated within the wider culture of pervasive social media, which continues to shape our interactions into forms that are characteristically faster, shorter, and more fragmented than ever before. Such dispersal of our attention is also accelerating our inability to deeply focus or relate for any real length of time. These modes of engaging within our technologically permeated, cosmopolitan and global society is escalating relational problems. Coupled with a constant bombardment of unrealistic visual images, mental health difficulties are also consequently rising, cultivating further issues such as identity ‘splitting’, (Lopez-Fernandez, 2019). In the context of the arts, this thesis proposes that such relational lack cannot be solved by one singular art form, one media modality, one existing engagement approach, or within a short participatory timeframe. Key to the originality of my thesis is the deliberate embodiment of a maternal experience. Feminist Lise Haller-Ross’ proposes that there is a ‘mother shaped hole in the art world’ and that, ‘as with the essence of the doughnut – we don’t need another hole for the doughnut, we need a whole new recipe’ (conference address, 2015). Indeed, her assertion encapsulates a need for different types of artistic and relational ingredients to be found. I propose these can be discovered within particular forms of maternal love; nurture; caring, and through conceptual relational states of courtship; intercourse; gestation, and birth. Furthermore, my maternal emphasis builds on: feminist, artist, and psychotherapist Bracha Ettinger’s (2006; 2015) notions of maternal, cohabitation and carrying; architect and phenomenologist Juhani Pallasmaa’s (2012) views on sensing and feeling; child psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott’s (1971) thoughts on transitional phenomena and perceptions of holding. Such psychotherapeutic and phenomenological theories are imbricated in-action within my multimodal arts processes. Additionally, by deliberately not privileging the ocular, I engage all my project participants senses and distil their multimodal data through an extended form of somatic and artistic Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), (Smith, Flowers, and Larkin, 2009). IPA usefully focuses on the importance of the thematic and idiographic in terms of new knowledge generation, with an analytical focus on lived experience. Indeed, whilst the specifics of the participants in my minor and major projects are unique, my research activates and makes valid, findings that are collectively beneficial to the disciplines of applied and interdisciplinary arts; the field of practice-based research, and beyond. My original contribution to new knowledge as argued by this thesis, comprises both this text exposition and my practice. This sees the final generation of a new multimodal arts Participatory Practice-Based Framework (PartPb). Through this framework, the researcher-practitioner is seen to adopt a maternal role to gently guide project participants through four phases of co-created multimodal artwork generation. The four participatory ‘Phases’ are: Phase 1: Courtship – Digital Dialogues; Phase 2: Intercourse – Performative Encounters; Phase 3: Gestation – Screen Narratives; Phase 4: Birth – Relational Artworks. The framework also contains six researcher-only ‘Stages’: Stage 1: Participant Selection; Stage 2: Checking Distilled Themes; Stage 3: Location and Object Planning; Stage 4: Noticing, Logging, Sourcing; Stage 5: Collaboration and Construction; Stage 6: Releasing, Gifting, Recruiting. This new PartPb framework, is realised within a series of five practice-based (Pb) artworks called, ‘Minor Projects 1-5’, (2015-16) and Final Major Project, ‘Transformational Encounters: Touch, Traction, Transform’ (TETTT), (2018). These projects are likewise shaped through action-research processes of iterative testing, as developed from Candy and Edmonds (2010) Practice-based Research (PbR) trajectory. In my new PartPb framework, Candy, and Edmonds’ PbR processes are originally combined with a form of Fritz and Laura Perl’s Gestalt Experience Cycle (1947). This innovative fusion I come to term as a form of ‘Feeling Architecture,’ which is procedurally proven to hold and carry both researcher and participants alike, safely, ethically, and creatively through all Phases and Stages of artefact generation. Specifically, my new multimodal PartPb framework offers new knowledge to the field of Practice-Based Research (PbR) and practitioners working in multimodal arts and applied performance contexts. Due to its participatory focus, I develop on the term Practice-Based Research, (Candy and Edmonds, 2010) to coin the term Participatory Practice-Based Research, (PartPbR). The unique combination of multimodal arts and social-psychological methodologies underpinning my framework also has the potential to contribute to broader Arts, Well-Being, and Creative Health agendas, such as the UK government’s Social Prescribing and Arts and Health initiatives. My original framework offers future researchers’ opportunities to further develop, enhance and enrich individual and community well-being through its application to their own projects, and, in doing so, also starts to challenge unhelpful art binaries that still position community arts practices as somehow lesser to higher art disciplines

The Angel of Art Sees the Future Even as She Flies Backwards: Enabling Deep Relational Encounter Through Participatory Practice-Based Research

The reading of this textual exegesis is deepened in conjunction with viewing the practice-based artefacts referenced within the text. These are contained within an accompanying Multi-Media resource (MMR). Elements from the MMR can also be accessed (or requested) from my website at www.alicecharlottebell.com and on Vimeo at Dr Alice Charlotte Bell https://vimeo.com/user161523908 and on You Tube at Alice Charlotte Bell https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnqD-anWUT3U5gIBP2KIR7tkDdrXUAhIBThis research addresses the current lack of opportunity within interdisciplinary arts practices for deep one-to-one relational encounters between creative practitioners operating in applied arts, performance, and workshop contexts with participant-subjects. This artistic problem is situated within the wider culture of pervasive social media, which continues to shape our interactions into forms that are characteristically faster, shorter, and more fragmented than ever before. Such dispersal of our attention is also accelerating our inability to deeply focus or relate for any real length of time. These modes of engaging within our technologically permeated, cosmopolitan and global society is escalating relational problems. Coupled with a constant bombardment of unrealistic visual images, mental health difficulties are also consequently rising, cultivating further issues such as identity ‘splitting’, (Lopez-Fernandez, 2019). In the context of the arts, this thesis proposes that such relational lack cannot be solved by one singular art form, one media modality, one existing engagement approach, or within a short participatory timeframe. Key to the originality of my thesis is the deliberate embodiment of a maternal experience. Feminist Lise Haller-Ross’ proposes that there is a ‘mother shaped hole in the art world’ and that, ‘as with the essence of the doughnut – we don’t need another hole for the doughnut, we need a whole new recipe’ (conference address, 2015). Indeed, her assertion encapsulates a need for different types of artistic and relational ingredients to be found. I propose these can be discovered within particular forms of maternal love; nurture; caring, and through conceptual relational states of courtship; intercourse; gestation, and birth. Furthermore, my maternal emphasis builds on: feminist, artist, and psychotherapist Bracha Ettinger’s (2006; 2015) notions of maternal, cohabitation and carrying; architect and phenomenologist Juhani Pallasmaa’s (2012) views on sensing and feeling; child psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott’s (1971) thoughts on transitional phenomena and perceptions of holding. Such psychotherapeutic and phenomenological theories are imbricated in-action within my multimodal arts processes. Additionally, by deliberately not privileging the ocular, I engage all my project participants senses and distil their multimodal data through an extended form of somatic and artistic Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), (Smith, Flowers, and Larkin, 2009). IPA usefully focuses on the importance of the thematic and idiographic in terms of new knowledge generation, with an analytical focus on lived experience. Indeed, whilst the specifics of the participants in my minor and major projects are unique, my research activates and makes valid, findings that are collectively beneficial to the disciplines of applied and interdisciplinary arts; the field of practice-based research, and beyond. My original contribution to new knowledge as argued by this thesis, comprises both this text exposition and my practice. This sees the final generation of a new multimodal arts Participatory Practice-Based Framework (PartPb). Through this framework, the researcher-practitioner is seen to adopt a maternal role to gently guide project participants through four phases of co-created multimodal artwork generation. The four participatory ‘Phases’ are: Phase 1: Courtship – Digital Dialogues; Phase 2: Intercourse – Performative Encounters; Phase 3: Gestation – Screen Narratives; Phase 4: Birth – Relational Artworks. The framework also contains six researcher-only ‘Stages’: Stage 1: Participant Selection; Stage 2: Checking Distilled Themes; Stage 3: Location and Object Planning; Stage 4: Noticing, Logging, Sourcing; Stage 5: Collaboration and Construction; Stage 6: Releasing, Gifting, Recruiting. This new PartPb framework, is realised within a series of five practice-based (Pb) artworks called, ‘Minor Projects 1-5’, (2015-16) and Final Major Project, ‘Transformational Encounters: Touch, Traction, Transform’ (TETTT), (2018). These projects are likewise shaped through action-research processes of iterative testing, as developed from Candy and Edmonds (2010) Practice-based Research (PbR) trajectory. In my new PartPb framework, Candy, and Edmonds’ PbR processes are originally combined with a form of Fritz and Laura Perl’s Gestalt Experience Cycle (1947). This innovative fusion I come to term as a form of ‘Feeling Architecture,’ which is procedurally proven to hold and carry both researcher and participants alike, safely, ethically, and creatively through all Phases and Stages of artefact generation. Specifically, my new multimodal PartPb framework offers new knowledge to the field of Practice-Based Research (PbR) and practitioners working in multimodal arts and applied performance contexts. Due to its participatory focus, I develop on the term Practice-Based Research, (Candy and Edmonds, 2010) to coin the term Participatory Practice-Based Research, (PartPbR). The unique combination of multimodal arts and social-psychological methodologies underpinning my framework also has the potential to contribute to broader Arts, Well-Being, and Creative Health agendas, such as the UK government’s Social Prescribing and Arts and Health initiatives. My original framework offers future researchers’ opportunities to further develop, enhance and enrich individual and community well-being through its application to their own projects, and, in doing so, also starts to challenge unhelpful art binaries that still position community arts practices as somehow lesser to higher art disciplines.Fully funded scholarship in Contemporary Performance from De Montfort University. Final PbR output in the form of the exhibition ‘Transformational Encounters: Touch, Traction, Transform’ (TETTT), sponsored by Design Alliance Ltd. www.designalliance.c

Re-writing Pollyanna: towards a rethinking of representations of Asperger's in fiction

The first element of this work is a novel entitled Anna. The commentary that comprises the second element argues that aspects of the title character of Eleanor H. Porter’s 1913 Children’s Novel, Pollyanna, resemble fictional and medical depictions and descriptions of Asperger’s syndrome. I carry out a character analysis of Porter’s Pollyanna using close reading, likening her depicted behaviour and implied patterns of speech and thought to traits associated with Asperger’s in fiction and in medical commentary. Given that Pollyanna is a public domain text written before the naming or first medical descriptions of Asperger’s, I discuss the implications of this, observing how, unlike many modern works featuring protagonists with Asperger’s, Pollyanna changes her surrounding community, not just in terms of how it operates and relates to her specifically, but in terms of how it operates and relates to itself. I argue for a need for such representations of contemporary fictional protagonists with Asperger’s, which I conclude to be more in keeping with the self-regard and aspirations of real people with Asperger’s. I then give an account of the writing of my own novel, Anna, in a subjective, essayistic style in the vein of several fiction authors’ non-fiction commentaries on their own works, such as Milan Kundera’s ‘Dialogue on The Art of the Novel’ – included in The Art of the Novel (2005, Faber & Faber, pp.23-46), and Edgar Allen Poe’s ‘The Philosophy of Composition’, included in The Oxford Book of American Essays (Matthews (Ed.), 1914, pp.99-113). The objective of this work is threefold: firstly, to show what must still be achieved in terms of future Aspie portrayals, that they may better reflect and represent the capabilities and experiences of Aspies today; secondly, to demonstrate how fiction not associated with specific medical labels can provide inspiration for new treatments of Aspie characters, with transferrable implications for all kinds of fictional representation; and thirdly to show how I put these findings into practice by transforming Pollyanna to create a complex representation of Asperger’s which reflects these objectives

A Hypothetical Exploration of Survival, Colonisation and Interplanetary Relations Around the planet Mars

Three novellas exploring the short and long-term implications of Martian colonisation and an explication. The first part examines the necessity of a robust and mentally-fit crew along with the relationships between corporatism. The second, which happens a century later, explores the health effects of long-term living on Mars along with the Earth disconnect by Martian-born humans. In the third part, another century later, the long-term strains of sustaining such a project are examined on Earth and how Martians are used as scapegoats. The explication describes the scientific motivations behind some aspects of the novel, including how the conditions of Mars necessitates certain survival protocols