Thermal environment

Human tolerance in thermal environment, thermal physiology of space clothing, and biothermal considerations in space cabin desig

Lunar Polar Coring Lander

Plans to build a lunar base are presently being studied with a number of considerations. One of the most important considerations is qualifying the presence of water on the Moon. The existence of water on the Moon implies that future lunar settlements may be able to use this resource to produce things such as drinking water and rocket fuel. Due to the very high cost of transporting these materials to the Moon, in situ production could save billions of dollars in operating costs of the lunar base. Scientists have suggested that the polar regions of the Moon may contain some amounts of water ice in the regolith. Six possible mission scenarios are suggested which would allow lunar polar soil samples to be collected for analysis. The options presented are: remote sensing satellite, two unmanned robotic lunar coring missions (one is a sample return and one is a data return only), two combined manned and robotic polar coring missions, and one fully manned core retrieval mission. One of the combined manned and robotic missions has been singled out for detailed analysis. This mission proposes sending at least three unmanned robotic landers to the lunar pole to take core samples as deep as 15 meters. Upon successful completion of the coring operations, a manned mission would be sent to retrieve the samples and perform extensive experiments of the polar region. Man's first step in returning to the Moon is recommended to investigate the issue of lunar polar water. The potential benefits of lunar water more than warrant sending either astronauts, robots or both to the Moon before any permanent facility is constructed

Stability of metal-rich very massive stars

We revisit the stability of very massive nonrotating main-sequence stars at solar metallicity, with the goal of understanding whether radial pulsations set a physical upper limit to stellar mass. Models of up to 938 solar masses are constructed with the Mesa code, and their linear stability in the fundamental mode, assumed to be the most dangerous, is analysed with a fully nonadiabatic method. Models above 100 MSun have extended tenuous atmospheres ("shelves") that affect the stability of the fundamental. Even when positive, this growth rate is small, in agreement with previous results. We argue that small growth rates lead to saturation at small amplitudes that are not dangerous to the star. A mechanism for saturation is demonstrated involving nonlinear parametric coupling to short-wavelength g modes and the damping of the latter by radiative diffusion. The shelves are subject to much more rapidly growing strange modes. This also agrees with previous results but is extended here to higher masses. The strange modes probably saturate via shocks rather than mode coupling but have very small amplitudes in the core, where almost all of the stellar mass resides. Although our stellar models are hydrostatic, the structure of their outer parts suggests that optically thick winds, driven by some combination of radiation pressure, transsonic convection, and strange modes, are more likely than pulsation in the fundamental mode to limit the main-sequence lifetime.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 1 appendix; this version to be published in MNRA

A novel satellite mission concept for upper air water vapour, aerosol and cloud observations using integrated path differential absorption LiDAR limb sounding

We propose a new satellite mission to deliver high quality measurements of upper air water vapour. The concept centres around a LiDAR in limb sounding by occultation geometry, designed to operate as a very long path system for differential absorption measurements. We present a preliminary performance analysis with a system sized to send 75 mJ pulses at 25 Hz at four wavelengths close to 935 nm, to up to 5 microsatellites in a counter-rotating orbit, carrying retroreflectors characterized by a reflected beam divergence of roughly twice the emitted laser beam divergence of 15 µrad. This provides water vapour profiles with a vertical sampling of 110 m; preliminary calculations suggest that the system could detect concentrations of less than 5 ppm. A secondary payload of a fairly conventional medium resolution multispectral radiometer allows wide-swath cloud and aerosol imaging. The total weight and power of the system are estimated at 3 tons and 2,700 W respectively. This novel concept presents significant challenges, including the performance of the lasers in space, the tracking between the main spacecraft and the retroreflectors, the refractive effects of turbulence, and the design of the telescopes to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio for the high precision measurements. The mission concept was conceived at the Alpbach Summer School 2010

Mapping microstructural dynamics in a mouse stroke model using advanced diffusion MRI

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica (Sinais e Imagens Médicas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) corresponde a uma das principais causas de morte e invalidez a nível mundial, sendo o AVC isquémico o mais predominante, perfazendo mais de 80% dos casos. Este traduz-se no bloqueio de um ou mais vasos sanguíneos devido à formação de coágulos, comprometendo a oxigenação no local e o fornecimento de nutrientes como consequência da redução do fluxo sanguíneo. O único tratamento aceite para o AVC baseia-se na administração de agentes trombolíticos. Porém, a sua aplicabilidade é muito reduzida pois o intervalo de tempo exigido para a sua atuação é demasiado curto (menos de 4 horas desde a última vez em que o sujeito se apresentou assintomático). De momento, o desenvolvimento de técnicas inovadoras encontra-se dependente de um conhecimento mais aprofundado do tecido envolvente no decorrer do acidente isquémico. Posto tal, as técnicas de neuroimagiologia de cariz não invasivo, como a imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM), apresentam um papel crucial na investigação nesta área. A importância da ressonância magnética de difusão (dMRI, do inglês diffusion MRI) tem vindo a ser cada vez mais favorecida, especialmente na deteção do enfarte e no estudo do microambiente na zona respetiva. Contudo, as métricas convencionais de dMRI apenas disponibilizam informação relativa, no máximo, a um sumatório de efeitos não Gaussianos da difusão da água nos tecidos, o que a torna numa técnica consideravelmente inespecífica. Esta falta de especificidade pode então refletir-se numa incorreta caraterização do núcleo da lesão, de tecido recuperável e da resposta ao tratamento, no sentido em que os mecanismos subjacentes ao contraste de dMRI obtido são desconhecidos. No âmbito deste trabalho, de forma a aumentar a sensibilidade e especificidade da dMRI na informação obtida em contexto de AVC isquémico, a metodologia de imagem por contraste do tensor de correlação (CTI, do inglês Correlation Tensor Imaging), desenvolvida no nosso laboratório, foi aplicada num modelo de AVC isquémico em murganho (Mus musculus). A CTI permite a obtenção de informações mais específicas acerca de efeitos de difusão provenientes das fontes de curtose (relativos a anisotropia, dispersão na orientação, variância na difusão nos tecidos e propriedades não Gaussianas). Esta técnica baseia-se na expansão cumulativa do sinal adquirido em sequências avançadas de codificação de difusão dupla (DDE, do inglês Double Diffusion Encoding), em que ambas as codificações podem ser aplicadas em direções e magnitudes independentes (caraterizadas por vetores independentes q1 e q2). Todos os procedimentos em animais foram previamente aprovados pelas autoridades nacionais e internacionais competentes, e foram realizados de acordo com a Diretiva EU 2010/63. Murganhos macho C57BL/6J (N = 12; 26,4 ± 6,5 g) com 11 semanas foram utilizados. O modelo fototrombótico de Rose Bengal foi usado de forma a induzir um enfarte focalizado na região do cortéx de barril com uma solução de um corante fotossensível (15 mg/ml). Em animais do grupo experimental (N = 5), a solução foi administrada de forma intravenosa (10 μl/g peso do animal) e a zona cortical de interesse foi irradiada com uma fonte de luz fria durante 15 minutos. Os animais do grupo de controlo (N = 5) foram submetidos a procedimentos idênticos, à exceção da irradiação responsável pelo desencadeamento da lesão, mantendo o tempo de espera suposto. Os cérebros do grupo de AVC e do grupo de controlo foram perfundidos 3 h após o fim do período com ou sem iluminação e utilizados para aquisições ex vivo. Além disso, dois animais foram usados para examinação in vivo: um submetido à indução do AVC para validação com os resultados ex vivo, e outro animal saudável foi usado para efeitos corroborativos com estudos anteriores. Os cérebros foram examinados no scanner Aeon da Bruker de 16.4 T. As imagens por difusão ex vivo foram adquiridas com sequências de DDE com base em EPI (do inglês Echo Planar Imaging) escritas in house. Usou-se um protocolo com um total de 5 combinações q1-q2 de magnitudes diferentes (1498,0 – 0; 1059,2 – 1059,2; 1059,2 – 0; 749,0 – 749,0 e 749,0 - 0 mT/m), associando cada combinação a uma aquisição. Para combinações em que as magnitudes eram iguais entre vetores, foram usadas 135 direções paralelas e perpendiculares, resultando em 7 aquisições com valor b total de 750, 1500 ou 3000 mm/s2 . Os restantes parâmetros foram: TR/TE = 3000/49 ms, FOV = 11 × 11 mm2 , matriz = 78 × 78, resolução de voxel no plano de 141 × 141 μm2 , 25 fatias coronais com espessura de 0,5 mm, δ/Δ/τm = 1,5/10/10 ms e 2 segmentos. 20 imagens foram adquiridas sem gradientes de difusão aplicados (i.e., b = 0 mm/s2 ). Cada examinação durou aproximadamente 14 h na totalidade. No caso das aquisições in vivo, os animais foram sedados (isoflurano 2,5%) e examinados no scanner Biospec da Bruker de 9.4 T. As imagens por difusão foram adquiridas com um protocolo otimizado em comparação com o utilizado nas sequências ex vivo, diferindo nos seguintes parâmetros: as combinações q1-q2 de magnitude foram de 518,79 – 0; 366,84 – 366,84; 366,84 – 0; 259,4 – 259,4 e 259,4 - 0 mT/m. As combinações de direções foram idênticas às utilizadas nas aquisições ex vivo, resultando também em 7 aquisições com valor b total de 625, 1250 ou 1500 mm/s2 , TR/TE = 2800/44,5 ms, FOV = 12 × 12 mm2 , matriz = 78 × 78, resolução de voxel no plano de 181 × 181 μm2 , 5 fatias coronais com espessura de 0,85 mm, δ/Δ/τm = 4/10/10 ms e 1 segmento. Cada examinação durou aproximadamente 1 h e 15 min. O processamento dos dados englobou a correção do sinal ao nível do ruído, alinhamento dos dados e correção ao nível de Gibbs ringing. As métricas de difusão convencionais, tais como a difusão média, a anisotropia fracional, a difusão radial e axial (MD, FA, RD e AD, respetivamente) foram extraídas pelo tensor de difusão (D). No âmbito das fontes resolvidas pela CTI, a fonte de curtose excedente total (KT) foi obtida a partir de D e do tensor de curtose (W), as curtoses anisotrópica e isotrópica ( e ), ditas fontes intercompartimentais, foram extraídas a partir do tensor D e do tensor de correlação do deslocamento Z (de quarta ordem na expansão cumulativa), e a fonte de curtose intracompartimental () foi extraída a partir da subtração das fontes intercompartimentais à fonte KT. De forma a analisar os mapas obtidos para as métricas de curtose 3 h após enfarte ao nível de substância branca e cinzenta, regiões de interesse foram definidas (com base nos mapas de MD e FA) no hemisfério ipsilateral ou ipsilesional (relativo à lesão), e no hemisfério contralateral (não afetado), dos animais que sofreram o AVC. Regiões de interesse no grupo de controlo foram também definidas no hemisfério ipsilateral. Após associar os dados obtidos de cada hemisfério a diferentes subgrupos, foram realizadas comparações entre subgrupos para as diferentes métricas de curtose e uma análise ANOVA para testar diferenças significativas entre subgrupos, permitindo assim uma análise de especificidade de cada métrica aos efeitos do AVC. Foi ainda realizada uma análise da sensibilidade de cada métrica perante a lesão no hemisfério ipsilesional para todos os animais do grupo de AVC através da quantificação de voxeis sensíveis à lesão em cada animal, quer ao nível da lesão total, quer ao nível das substâncias branca e cinzenta. Uma breve análise histológica foi produzida para uma comparação qualitativa com os mapas das diferentes fontes de curtose e associação com degeneração e perda celular. Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) para as métricas KT e entre o hemisfério ipsilateral do grupo de AVC e o hemisfério contralateral do mesmo grupo, bem como entre o hemisfério ipsilaterial do grupo de AVC e o hemisfério ipsilateral do grupo de controlo (em substância substância cinzenta e substância branca). Porém, a métrica de foi a que mais se destacou, visto ter mostrado sensibilidade para o AVC na substância cinzenta perante outras métricas. Os mapas de curtose in vivo mostraram-se consistentes com os mapas ex vivo. Em comparação com estudos anteriores, os resultados obtidos nas métricas de difusão (MD, FA, RD e AD) demonstraram congruência com a literatura, tendo os valores de KT seguido a tendência dos valores de curtose média (MK) obtidos noutros estudos de AVC em murganho. A menor sensibilidade para o AVC em KT, quando comparada com , por exemplo, sugere que certos efeitos de curtose se poderão anular, informação essa anteriormente desconhecida. Os nossos resultados, além de favorecerem maior sensibilidade comparativamente às métricas convencionais em contexto de AVC, acentuam também a especificidade de cada fonte de curtose perante o tecido isquémico, permitindo uma possível relação com mecanismos patofisiológicos a ocorrer na fase aguda-subaguda do AVC, tais como fenómenos citotóxicos e vasogénicos. Ao resolver as fontes de curtose em tecido isquémico, foi-nos possibilitada uma maior compreensão dos mecanismos microscópicos subjacentes, que, num formato mais sensível e específico, propicia uma caraterização de AVC inovadora e uma maior eficácia no tratamento associado.Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide, with ischaemic infarct accounting for approximately 80% of all cases. Currently, novel treatments depend on a deeper understanding of the local tissue milieu following ischemia. Therefore, non-invasive neuroimaging plays a crucial role in stroke research. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is one of the most reliable imaging techniques, mainly for the early detection of ischemic stroke via detection of microstructural changes. However, dMRI is critically unspecific, thereby hampering the conclusive characterization of infarct core, salvageable tissue and response to treatment. To overcome this drawback, Correlation Tensor Imaging (CTI) – a ground-breaking approach enhancing sensitivity and specificity towards tissue microstructure via the resolution of non-Gaussian diffusion sources – was applied for the first time towards the characterization of ischemic tissue (ex vivo and in vivo) and assessment of the mechanisms underlying dMRI contrasts in a mouse stroke model at an early stage post ischemic insult. In this study, a photothrombotic stroke model was used to induce a focal infarct in the barrel cortex and dMRI ex vivo datasets were acquired with CTI pulse sequences written in house. For corroboration of results, in vivo datasets were additionally acquired. The stroke model reproducibly induced well-delimited infarction cores in the targeted region in all animals. Our results suggest that CTI is capable of resolving microscopic features of ischemic tissue in-vivo, which until now were obfuscated or conflated in conventional dMRI measurements. Particularly, intra-compartmental kurtosis (), one of the resolved sources, shows higher sensitivity and specificity towards ischemic alterations when compared to other sources of kurtosis. These are critical first steps towards resolving the contributions of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema sources as well as potential for revealing salvageable tissue or ongoing excitotoxicity

Uncertain Multi-Criteria Optimization Problems

Most real-world search and optimization problems naturally involve multiple criteria as objectives. Generally, symmetry, asymmetry, and anti-symmetry are basic characteristics of binary relationships used when modeling optimization problems. Moreover, the notion of symmetry has appeared in many articles about uncertainty theories that are employed in multi-criteria problems. Different solutions may produce trade-offs (conflicting scenarios) among different objectives. A better solution with respect to one objective may compromise other objectives. There are various factors that need to be considered to address the problems in multidisciplinary research, which is critical for the overall sustainability of human development and activity. In this regard, in recent decades, decision-making theory has been the subject of intense research activities due to its wide applications in different areas. The decision-making theory approach has become an important means to provide real-time solutions to uncertainty problems. Theories such as probability theory, fuzzy set theory, type-2 fuzzy set theory, rough set, and uncertainty theory, available in the existing literature, deal with such uncertainties. Nevertheless, the uncertain multi-criteria characteristics in such problems have not yet been explored in depth, and there is much left to be achieved in this direction. Hence, different mathematical models of real-life multi-criteria optimization problems can be developed in various uncertain frameworks with special emphasis on optimization problems

Tools for sustainability assessment and management : food chains and household waste case studies

Sustainability is the ability of a system to overcome shocks and stresses in seeking a balance upon the interactions of ecological, economic and social systems. Many countries have set national strategies for pursuing higher sustainability, including sustainability targets and indicators. Several attempts were undertaken to make the agricultural sector in general and the food sector in particular more sustainable. However, there is no harmonized standard defining what sustainable production should involve. Moreover, there is no agreement on which set of indicators to include when measuring sustainability performance in order to create more sustainable food chains. The commonly used measure for sustainability is the ecological footprint. Literature proves that this measure has a lot of limitations and there should be better ones. The doctoral research is divided in three major parts, comprising sustainability assessment tools. Part 1 of the doctoral research focuses on the carbon footprint as a potential alternative for the ecological footprint. Part 2 thoroughly investigates the factors influencing waste generation, a huge sustainability problem. Part 3 examines the possibility and necessity to measure sustainability as 1 composite indicator by creating a tool covering the 3 main sustainability systems. Soy is one of the main feed compound ingredients and Brazil is one of the main producers and exporters of soymeal. Given Brazil’s position in the soy world market on the one hand and accompanying sustainability issues on the other hand, assessing the sustainability performance of this global value chain is of utmost importance

A cost estimate maturity benchmark method to support early concept design decision-making: a case study application to the small modular nuclear reactor

Constructing large Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) is synonymous with significant cost and schedule uncertainty. Innovative Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have been identified as a way of increasing certainty of delivery, whilst also maintaining a competitive Life Cycle Cost (LCC). Previous research into the cost of SMRs has focused on the economics of a design from the perspective of an owner or investor. There is a significant gap in the literature associated with cost estimating SMRs at the early concept development stage from the perspective of a reactor developer. Early design stage cost estimates are inherently uncertain. Design teams, therefore, need to make decisions that will achieve a cost competitive product by considering uncertainty. Existing cost uncertainty analysis methods lack standardisation in their application, often relying on the subjective assessment of experts. The central argument presented in this research is that the SMR vendor can make more effective decisions related to achieving cost certainty by understanding the drivers of knowledge uncertainty associated with early design stage cost estimates. This thesis describes research spanning the concept design phase of the UK SMR development programme. The research investigation is divided into two distinct phases. The first phase identifies the requirements for cost information from the perspective of the SMR vendor through interviews, a participatory case study investigation and surveys. Limited access to cost information means that early design cost assessment is highly subjective. Cost uncertainty analysis should provide decision makers with an understanding of the level of confidence associated with the estimate. A survey investigating how cost information is interpreted revealed that providing more granular detail about cost uncertainty would support the design team with additional rationale for selecting a design option. The main requirement identified from phase 1 of the research is the need for a standardised method to identify how sources of cost uncertainty influence the maturity of the estimate at each stage of the design development process. The second phase of the research involved a participatory research approach where the Acceptable Cost Uncertainty Benchmark Assessment (ACUBA) method was developed and then implemented retrospectively on the case study cost data. The ACUBA method uses a qualitative measure to assess the quality and impact of engineering definition, manufacturing process knowledge and supply chain knowledge on the cost estimate confidence. The maturity rating is then assessed against a benchmark to determine the acceptability of the estimate uncertainty range. Focus groups were carried out in the vendor organisation to investigate whether the design team could clarify their reasoning for decisions related to reducing cost uncertainty when given insight into the sources of cost uncertainty. The rationale for a decision is found to be clearer using the ACUBA method compared with existing cost uncertainty analysis methods used by the case study organisation. This research has led to the development of a novel method which standardises and improves the communication of cost information across different functions within a design team. By establishing a benchmark acceptable level of cost maturity for a decision, the cost maturity metric can be employed to measure the performance of the SMR development programme towards achieving product cost maturity. In addition, the ACUBA method supports the more effective allocation of limited resources available at the early design stage, by identifying design activities which could lead to an acceptable cost maturity.</div