168 research outputs found
Os casos de Ana Aragão e Catarina Sobral
Desde os anos 90, através de uma nova geração de ilustradores, assiste-se ao reavivar e
reconfigurar da ilustração em Portugal. Este período tem sido sinónimo de multiplicidade
de temáticas, estilos, géneros, meios, técnicas e materiais, com particular destaque para a
disseminação do digital.
Além da tradicional ilustração editorial, assistiu-se a uma diáspora da ilustração pelas
mais diferentes áreas: da animação ao teatro, à instalação, aos murais, à escultura, à
arquitetura, entre outras. Esta metamorfose suscitou novas problemáticas,
nomeadamente quanto à própria identidade da ilustração, enquanto área ou disciplina per
se, bem como quanto à comunhão com outras expressões artísticas. Nesse aspecto, a
ilustração mostrou ser o protótipo ideal das práticas interartes. Como tal, achou-se
pertinente abordar esta nova disciplina à luz de conceitos como intertextualidade,
intermedialidade e transmedialidade, ainda não devidamente explorados em ilustração.
Consequentemente, a hibridez detetada no domínio do estilo justificou a proposta de um
ambiente interestilístico como parte do seu carácter dialógico. Assim se percebeu a
ilustração: em expansão e aberta na sua condição matérica, mas também subjetiva.
Metodologicamente, recorreu-se à análise de múltiplos exemplos nacionais e
internacionais, culminando em dois casos específicos, selecionados de modo criterioso:
observada uma mudança de paradigma na viragem do século XX para o século XXI, com
um crescente número de mulheres ilustradoras, escolheu-se analisar as obras das
ilustradoras Catarina Sobral e Ana Aragão, precisamente, pela diferença entre os trabalhos
de ambas. No primeiro caso, mais diretamente ligado ao universo da ilustração e da
animação; no segundo caso, um exímio exemplo de compromisso com o desenho. Ambas
representam a porosidade da ilustração contemporânea portuguesa, muito construída em
torno de um carácter metafórico, mas também paródico, hiperbólico e irónico, sem receio
de recorrer ao hipertexto, à reinterpretação, às remediações e às ressignificações; nem de
conjeturar e imaginar o futuro, entre a realidade e a ficçãoSince the 1990s, we have witnessed the revival and reconfiguration of illustration in
Portugal, led by a new generation of illustrators. That new phase has been marked by a
multiplicity of themes, styles, genres, media, techniques, materials, and especially digital
dissemination.
In addition to the traditional editorial illustration, illustration has spread to many other
areas, from animation to theatre, installations, murals, sculpture, architecture, and so on.
Such a diversity has also garnered new problematics, including illustration’s own
disciplinary identity and the relationship with other artistic expressions. In that regard,
illustration is the ideal example of inter-art approaches. Therefore, it is relevant to
consider this “new” discipline in light of concepts such as intertextuality, intermediality
and transmediality, still far from explored in the context of illustration. Furthermore, the
hybridity usually associated with style justifies an approach in an inter-stylistic
environment as part of its dialogical character. Hence, illustration is perceived in an open
expansion both in material and subjective terms.
Methodologically, this study consists on the analysis of several national and
international examples, culminating in two carefully selected cases: given that there has
been a paradigm shift from the twentieth to the twenty first century, with a growing
number of female illustrators, this study considers extensively the works of Catarina
Sobral and Ana Aragão, precisely because what distinguishes them. In the first case,
Sobral’s work is closer to the world of illustration and animation; in Aragão’s case, we find
a perfect example of commitment to drawing. Both represent the porousness of
Portuguese contemporary illustration, largely built on a metaphoric character, but also
parodic, hyperbolic, and ironic. It never hesitates to resort to hypertext, reinterpretation,
remediation, and re-signification, nor to conjecture about and imagine the future,
somewhere between reality and fiction.POCH – Programa Operacional Capital Humano, comparticipado pelo Fundo Social Europeu (FSE),
pelo Programa Operacional Regional Centro, por fundos nacionais do MCTES e por fundos da União Europeia (UE)
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) is a constraint-based or declarative approach to linguistic knowledge, which analyses all descriptive levels (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) with feature value pairs, structure sharing, and relational constraints. In syntax it assumes that expressions have a single relatively simple constituent structure. This volume provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the framework. Various chapters discuss basic assumptions and formal foundations, describe the evolution of the framework, and go into the details of the main syntactic phenomena. Further chapters are devoted to non-syntactic levels of description. The book also considers related fields and research areas (gesture, sign languages, computational linguistics) and includes chapters comparing HPSG with other frameworks (Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Construction Grammar, Dependency Grammar, and Minimalism)
Computing Stable Conclusions under the Weakest-Link Principle in the ASPIC+ Argumentation Formalism
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Assessing Confidence with Assurance 2.0
An assurance case is intended to provide justifiable confidence in the truth of its top claim, which typically concerns safety or security. A natural question is then "how much" confidence does the case provide?
In this report, we explore issues in assessing confidence for assurance cases developed using the rigorous approach we call Assurance 2.0. We argue that confidence cannot be reduced to a single attribute or measurement. Instead, we suggest it should be based on attributes that draw on three different perspectives: positive, negative, and residual doubts.
Positive Perspectives consider the extent to which the evidence and overall argument of the case combine to make a positive statement justifying belief in its claims. We set a high bar for justification, requiring it to be indefeasible. The primary positive measure for this is soundness, which interprets the argument as a logical proof and delivers a yes/no measurement. The interior steps of an Assurance 2.0 case can be evaluated as logical axioms, but the evidential steps at the leaves derive logical claims epistemically---from observations or measurements about the system and its environment---and must be treated as premises. Confidence in these can be expressed probabilistically and we use confirmation measures to ensure that the probabilistic "weight" of evidence crosses some threshold.
In addition, probabilities can be aggregated from evidence through the steps of the argument using probability logics to yield what we call probabilistic valuations for the claims (in contrast to soundness, which is a logical valuation). The aggregated probability attached to the top claim can be interpreted as a numerical measure of confidence. We apply probabilistic valuations only to sound cases, and this avoids some of the difficulties that attend probabilistic methods that stand alone. The primary uses for probabilistic valuations are with less critical systems, where we trade assurance effort against confidence, and in assessing residual doubts.
Negative Perspectives record doubts and challenges to the case, typically expressed as defeaters, and their exploration and resolution. Assurance developers must guard against confirmation bias and should vigorously explore potential defeaters as they develop the case, and should record them and their resolution to avoid rework and to aid reviewers.
Residual Doubts: the world is uncertain so not all potential defeaters can be resolved. For example, we may design a system to tolerate two faults and have good reasons and evidence to suppose that is sufficient to cover the exposure on any expected mission. But doubts remain: what if more than two faults do arrive? Here we can explore consequences and likelihoods and thereby assess risk (their product). Some of these residual risks may be unacceptable and thereby prompt a review, but others may be considered acceptable or unavoidable. It is crucial however that these judgments are conscious ones and that they are recorded in the assurance case.
This report examines each of these three perspectives in detail and indicates how Clarissa, our prototype toolset for Assurance 2.0, assists in their evaluation
Automated Deduction – CADE 28
This open access book constitutes the proceeding of the 28th International Conference on Automated Deduction, CADE 28, held virtually in July 2021. The 29 full papers and 7 system descriptions presented together with 2 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 76 submissions. CADE is the major forum for the presentation of research in all aspects of automated deduction, including foundations, applications, implementations, and practical experience. The papers are organized in the following topics: Logical foundations; theory and principles; implementation and application; ATP and AI; and system descriptions
Computational Complexity of Strong Admissibility for Abstract Dialectical Frameworks
Abstract dialectical frameworks (ADFs) have been introduced as a formalism for modeling and evaluating argumentation allowing general logical satisfaction conditions. Different criteria used to settle the acceptance of arguments arecalled semantics. Semantics of ADFs have so far mainly been defined based on the concept of admissibility. Recently, the notion of strong admissibility has been introduced for ADFs. In the current work we study the computational complexityof the following reasoning tasks under strong admissibility semantics. We address 1. the credulous/skeptical decision problem; 2. the verification problem; 3. the strong justification problem; and 4. the problem of finding a smallest witness of strong justification of a queried argument
Logic-based Technologies for Multi-agent Systems: A Systematic Literature Review
Precisely when the success of artificial intelligence (AI) sub-symbolic techniques makes them be identified with the whole AI by many non-computerscientists and non-technical media, symbolic approaches are getting more and more attention as those that could make AI amenable to human understanding. Given the recurring cycles in the AI history, we expect that a revamp of technologies often tagged as “classical AI” – in particular, logic-based ones will take place in the next few years.
On the other hand, agents and multi-agent systems (MAS) have been at the core of the design of intelligent systems since their very beginning, and their long-term connection with logic-based technologies, which characterised their early days, might open new ways to engineer explainable intelligent systems. This is why understanding the current status of logic-based technologies for MAS is nowadays of paramount importance.
Accordingly, this paper aims at providing a comprehensive view of those technologies by making them the subject of a systematic literature review (SLR). The resulting technologies are discussed and evaluated from two different perspectives: the MAS and the logic-based ones
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