Provedba institucionalnih i tehničkih instrumenata zaštite morskog okoliša Jadrana i Baltika: usporedba

The paper studies the vulnerability and protection of marine environments of two semi-closed seas, the Baltic and the Adriatic, in terms of physical and socio-economic factors. Institutional and technical instruments and policies of protection, at global, pan-European, EU and regional levels, are reviewed. The pioneering role (for Baltic) of the Helsinki Convention, signed in 1974 by the Baltic coastal states, is highlighted, whereby all sources of pollution were made subject to one single instrument. There is no similar comprehensive agreement yet on the semi-closed Adriatic Sea, but protection of the Adriatic Sea is included in the Barcelona Convention signed in 1976 by 16 states and the European Union (presently there are 22 parties to the convention) which was a follow up of the pioneering (for Adriatic) Mediterranean Action Plan signed by contracting parties in 1975. The Baltic region, with 90 million people in its catchment area, is economically well developed; out of nine of its coastal states, eight are EU members. The catchment area of the Adriatic, home to about 15 million people, is characterised by even larger socio-economic contrasts, with Italy as the dominating player as for population size and the economy. The marine and coastal environmental burdens of both the Baltic and the Adriatic are mainly due to agriculture, industry, shipping, fisheries, and tourism, not to forget the legacies of unsustainable past. The Adriatic, a busy transportation route for oil vessels, is one of the most vulnerable areas in the Mediterranean.U radu je riječ o ranjivosti i zaštiti morskih okoliša dvaju poluzatvorenih mora, Jadrana i Baltika, u smislu fizičkih i socio-ekonomskih čimbenika.Opisani su institucionalni i tehnički instrumenti i politike zaštite i komentirani na globalnoj, paneuropskoj, EU i regionalnoj razini. Rad ističe (za Baltik) pionirsku ulogu Helsinške konvencije, koju 1974. godine potpisuju baltičke obalne države, prema kojoj su svi izvori onečišćenja podvrgnuti jednom instrumentu. Ne postoji sličan toliko sveobuhvatan sporazum još na polu-zatvorenom Jadranskom moru, ali zaštita Jadrana je uključena u Barcelonskoj konvenciji, potpisanoj 1976. g. od 16 država i Europske unije (trenutno postoje 22 stranaka Konvencije), koja predstavlja nastavak pionirskog (za Jadran) Mediteranskog akcijskog plana, a potpisale su ga ugovorne stranke 1975. godine. Baltik, s 90 milijuna ljudi u slivnom području, je ekonomski dobro razvijeno područje; od devet njegovih obalnih država, osam je članica EU. Slivno područje Jadrana, na kojem živi oko 15 milijuna ljudi, odlikuje se većim socijalno-ekonomskim suprotnostima, s Italijom kao dominantnom državom u veličini populacije i ekonomije. Poljoprivreda, industrija, prijevoz, ribarstvo, turizam, i neodrživa nasljeđa ophođenja prema okolišu iz prošlosti predstavljaju najveća morska i obalna opterećenja Jadrana i Baltika. Jadran, opterećen prijevoznim putevima naftnih plovila, jedno je od najosjetljivijih područja na Mediteranu