13,719 research outputs found

    Building body identities - exploring the world of female bodybuilders

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    This thesis explores how female bodybuilders seek to develop and maintain a viable sense of self despite being stigmatized by the gendered foundations of what Erving Goffman (1983) refers to as the 'interaction order'; the unavoidable presentational context in which identities are forged during the course of social life. Placed in the context of an overview of the historical treatment of women's bodies, and a concern with the development of bodybuilding as a specific form of body modification, the research draws upon a unique two year ethnographic study based in the South of England, complemented by interviews with twenty-six female bodybuilders, all of whom live in the U.K. By mapping these extraordinary women's lives, the research illuminates the pivotal spaces and essential lived experiences that make up the female bodybuilder. Whilst the women appear to be embarking on an 'empowering' radical body project for themselves, the consequences of their activity remains culturally ambivalent. This research exposes the 'Janus-faced' nature of female bodybuilding, exploring the ways in which the women negotiate, accommodate and resist pressures to engage in more orthodox and feminine activities and appearances

    Balancing the urban stomach: public health, food selling and consumption in London, c. 1558-1640

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    Until recently, public health histories have been predominantly shaped by medical and scientific perspectives, to the neglect of their wider social, economic and political contexts. These medically-minded studies have tended to present broad, sweeping narratives of health policy's explicit successes or failures, often focusing on extraordinary periods of epidemic disease viewed from a national context. This approach is problematic, particularly in studies of public health practice prior to 1800. Before the rise of modern scientific medicine, public health policies were more often influenced by shared social, cultural, economic and religious values which favoured maintaining hierarchy, stability and concern for 'the common good'. These values have frequently been overlooked by modern researchers. This has yielded pessimistic assessments of contemporary sanitation, implying that local authorities did not care about or prioritise the health of populations. Overly medicalised perspectives have further restricted historians' investigation and use of source material, their interpretation of multifaceted and sometimes contested cultural practices such as fasting, and their examination of habitual - and not just extraordinary - health actions. These perspectives have encouraged a focus on reactive - rather than preventative - measures. This thesis contributes to a growing body of research that expands our restrictive understandings of pre-modern public health. It focuses on how public health practices were regulated, monitored and expanded in later Tudor and early Stuart London, with a particular focus on consumption and food-selling. Acknowledging the fundamental public health value of maintaining urban foodways, it investigates how contemporaries sought to manage consumption, food production waste, and vending practices in the early modern City's wards and parishes. It delineates the practical and political distinctions between food and medicine, broadly investigates the activities, reputations of and correlations between London's guild and itinerant food vendors and licensed and irregular medical practitioners, traces the directions in which different kinds of public health policy filtered up or down, and explores how policies were enacted at a national and local level. Finally, it compares and contrasts habitual and extraordinary public health regulations, with a particular focus on how perceptions of and actual food shortages, paired with the omnipresent threat of disease, impacted broader aspects of civic life

    Strung pieces: on the aesthetics of television fiction series

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    As layered and long works, television fiction series have aesthetic properties that are built over time, bit by bit. This thesis develops a group of concepts that enable the study of these properties, It argues that a series is made of strung pieces, a system of related elements. The text begins by considering this sequential form within the fields of film and television. This opening chapter defines the object and methodology of research, arguing for a non-essentialist distinction between cinema and television and against the adequacy of textual and contextual analyses as approaches to the aesthetics of these shows. It proposes instead that these programmes should be described as televisual works that can be scrutinised through aesthetic analysis. The next chapters propose a sequence of interrelated concepts. The second chapter contends that series are composed of building blocks that can be either units into which series are divided or motifs that unify series and are dispersed across their pans. These blocks are patterned according to four kinds of relations or principles of composition. Repetition and variation are treated in tandem in the third chapter because of their close connection, given that variation emerges from established repetition. Exception and progression are also discussed together in the fourth chapter since they both require a long view of these serial works. The former, in order to be recognised as a deviation from the patterns of repetition and variation. The latter, In order to be understood in Its many dimensions as the series advances. Each of these concepts is further detailed with additional distinctions between types of units, motifs, repetitions, variations, and exceptions, using illustrative examples from numerous shows. In contrast, the section on progression uses a single series as case study, Carnivàle (2003-05), because this is the overarching principle that encompasses all the others. The conclusion considers the findings of the research and suggests avenues for their application

    3D printed Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery

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    3D printing is a revolutionary manufacturing and prototyping technology that has altered the outlooks of numerous industrial and scientific fields since its introduction. Recently, it has attracted attention for its potential as a manufacturing tool for transdermal microneedles for drug delivery. In the present thesis, the 3D printability of solid and hollow microneedles via photopolymerisation-based 3D printing was investigated, aiming at establishing robust manufacturing strategies for reproducible, mechanically strong and versatile microneedles. The developed microneedles were employed as drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetes via insulin administration. Solid microneedles featuring different geometries were designed and 3D printed. It was demonstrated that the printing and post-printing parameters affected the printed quality, a finding that was employed to optimise the manufacturing strategy. Microneedle geometry was also found to have an impact on the piercing and fracture behaviour; however all microneedle designs were found to be mechanically safe upon application. The solid microneedles were subsequently coated with insulin-polymer films, using a 2D inkjet printing technology. The coating process achieved spatial control of the drug deposition, with quantitative accuracy. The microneedle geometry was shown to influence the morphology of the coating film, an effect that was pronounced during in the in vitro delivery studies of insulin to porcine skin. Furthermore, hollow microneedles were designed and 3D printed, featuring different heights. Two photopolymerisation-based technologies were studied, and their performance was compared. The key influential parameters of the printing outcome and microneedle quality were identified to be the printing angle and the size of the microneedle opening. The hollow microneedles were found to be effective in piercing porcine skin without structural damaging. The hollow microneedles were incorporated into complex patches with internal microfluidic structures for the provision and distribution of drug-containing solutions. The developed complex hollow microneedle patches were coupled with a microelectromechanical system to create a novel platform device for controlled, personalised transdermal drug delivery. Advanced imaging techniques revealed that the device achieved distribution of the liquid within porcine skin tissue without the creation of depots that would delay absorption. The device was evaluated for its efficacy to transdermally deliver a model dye and insulin in vitro. In vivo trials were also conducted using diabetic rodents, with the device achieving faster onset of insulin action and sustained glycemic control, in comparison to subcutaneous injections. Overall, the findings of the present research are anticipated to elucidate key problematic areas associated with the application of 3D printing for microneedle manufacturing and propose feasible solutions. The outermost goal of this work is to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of 3D printed transdermal drug delivery systems, in order to bring them one step closer to their adoption in the clinical setting

    Medios de comunicación universitarios en Ecuador: convergencias y rutinas periodísticas en los procesos de formación del comunicador multimedia

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    Constituirse como escenarios de aprendizaje para los estudiantes de las carreras afines ha sido, a lo largo de los años, una de las principales funciones de los medios de comunicación universitarios, gracias a que sus salas de redacción se convierten en el lugar idóneo para integrar la teoría con la práctica, mediante situaciones reales de la profesión, pero bajo el acompañamiento del personal docente y la reflexión conjunta. Para profundizar en su evolución y proyección frente a su rol pedagógico y los procesos convergentes, esta investigación aplicó una combinación de métodos y técnicas ampliamente utilizadas en el ámbito de la educación y la comunicación, como son la recopilación y análisis documental, el cuestionario, el estudio de caso y el panel Delphi. Esta integración metodológica, oportuna para una contexto diverso y poco explorado como el de los medios universitarios ecuatorianos, permitió identificar la emergencia de actores comunicacionales diferenciales que integran lo comunitario a lo público y lo privado; por otro lado, la convergencia se muestra como un proceso dispar y condicionado por diversos factores, es así que el nivel más alto se ubicó en 62.5/100 y el más bajo en 21.1, y con mayor énfasis en la polivalencia profesional y la más baja en la participación de audiencias. Sobre su rol en los procesos formativos, los medios universitarios tienen un alto aprovechamiento, siempre condicionado por su vinculación con una unidad académica y teniendo como eje el acompañamiento de la figura del docente; sin embargo, se constató una deficiencia al momento de establecer formalmente algunos procesos pedagógicos. Finalmente, a partir del consenso de expertos en el contexto ecuatoriano, se plantean algunas alternativas para fortalecer el papel de los medios universitarios como apuntar al trabajo en red, no solo con otros actores de la esfera académica, sino también de la comercial y comunitaria

    Constructing Cassandra: The social construction of strategic surprise at the Central Intelligence Agency 1947-2001

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    This dissertation takes a post-positivist approach to strategic surprise, and examines the identity and internal culture of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) through the lens of social constructivism. It identifies numerous social mechanisms that created and maintained four key, persistent attributes of the CIA’s identity and culture between 1947 and 2001. These features are: 1) homogeneity of personnel; 2) scientism and the reification of a narrow form of ‘reason’; 3) an overwhelming preference for ‘secrets’ over openly-available information; and, 4) a relentless drive for consensus. It then documents the influence of these elements of the CIA’s identity and culture in each phase of the intelligence cycle (Tasking, Collection, Analysis, Production and Dissemination), prior to four strategic surprises: the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979, the collapse of the USSR, and al-Qa’ida’s terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001. It concludes that these key aspects of the CIA’s identity and culture created the antecedent conditions that allowed these four strategic surprises to occur, and thus prevented the CIA from fulfilling its mandate to ‘prevent another Pearl Harbor’. This conclusion is supported by contrasting the majority views at the CIA prior to these events with the views of ‘Cassandras’ (i.e. individuals inside or outside the Agency who anticipated the approximate course of events based on reasoned threat assessments that differed sharply from the Agency’s, but who were ignored or sidelined). In so doing, this work shifts the burden of proof for explaining strategic surprises back to the characteristics and actions of intelligence producers like the CIA, and away from errors by intelligence consumers like politicians and policymakers. This conclusion also allows this work to posit that understanding strategic surprise as a social construction is logically prior to previously proposed, entirely positivist, attempts to explain or to prevent it

    Three-dimensional visualisation and quantitative characterisation of fossil fuel flames using tomography and digital imaging techniques

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    This thesis describes the design, implementation and experimental evaluation of a prototype instrumentation system for the three-dimensional (3-D) visualisation and quantitative characterisation of fossil fuel flames. A review of methodologies and technologies for the 3-D visualisation and characterisation of combustion flames is given, together with a discussion of main difficulties and technical requirements in their applications. A strategy incorporating optical sensing, digital image processing and tomographic reconstruction techniques is proposed. The strategy was directed towards the reconstruction of 3-D models of a flame and the subsequent quantification of its 3-D geometric, luminous and fluid dynamic parameters. Based on this strategy, a flame imaging system employing three identical synchronised RG B cameras has been developed. The three cameras, placed equidistantly and equiangular on a semicircle around the flame, captured six simultaneous images of the flame from six different directions. Dedicated computing algorithms, based on image processing and tomographic reconstruction techniques have been developed to reconstruct the 3-D models of a flame. A set of geometric, luminous and fluid dynamic parameters, including surface area, volume, length, circularity, luminosity and temperature are determined from the 3-D models generated. Systematic design and experimental evaluation of the system on a gas-fired combustion rig are reported. The accuracy, resolution and validation of the system were also evaluated using purpose-designed templates including a high precision laboratory ruler, a colour flat panel and a tungsten lamp. The results obtained from the experimental evaluation are presented and the relationship between the measured parameters and the corresponding operational conditions are quantified. Preliminary investigations were conducted on a coal-fired industry-scale combustion test facility. The multi-camera system was reconfigured to use only one camera due to the restrictions at the site facility. Therefore the property of rotational symmetry of the flame had to be assumed. Under such limited conditions, the imaging system proved to provide a good reconstruction of the internal structures and luminosity variations inside the This thesis describes the design, implementation and experimental evaluation of a prototype instrumentation system for the three-dimensional (3-D) visualisation and quantitative characterisation of fossil fuel flames. A review of methodologies and technologies for the 3-D visualisation and characterisation of combustion flames is given, together with a discussion of main difficulties and technical requirements in their applications. A strategy incorporating optical sensing, digital image processing and tomographic reconstruction techniques is proposed. The strategy was directed towards the reconstruction of 3-D models of a flame and the subsequent quantification of its 3-D geometric, luminous and fluid dynamic parameters. Based on this strategy, a flame imaging system employing three identical synchronised RG B cameras has been developed. The three cameras, placed equidistantly and equiangular on a semicircle around the flame, captured six simultaneous images of the flame from six different directions. Dedicated computing algorithms, based on image processing and tomographic reconstruction techniques have been developed to reconstruct the 3-D models of a flame. A set of geometric, luminous and fluid dynamic parameters, including surface area, volume, length, circularity, luminosity and temperature are determined from the 3-D models generated. Systematic design and experimental evaluation of the system on a gas-fired combustion rig are reported. The accuracy, resolution and validation of the system were also evaluated using purpose-designed templates including a high precision laboratory ruler, a colour flat panel and a tungsten lamp. The results obtained from the experimental evaluation are presented and the relationship between the measured parameters and the corresponding operational conditions are quantified. Preliminary investigations were conducted on a coal-fired industry-scale combustion test facility. The multi-camera system was reconfigured to use only one camera due to the restrictions at the site facility. Therefore the property of rotational symmetry of the flame had to be assumed. Under such limited conditions, the imaging system proved to provide a good reconstruction of the internal structures and luminosity variations inside the This thesis describes the design, implementation and experimental evaluation of a prototype instrumentation system for the three-dimensional (3-D) visualisation and quantitative characterisation of fossil fuel flames. A review of methodologies and technologies for the 3-D visualisation and characterisation of combustion flames is given, together with a discussion of main difficulties and technical requirements in their applications. A strategy incorporating optical sensing, digital image processing and tomographic reconstruction techniques is proposed. The strategy was directed towards the reconstruction of 3-D models of a flame and the subsequent quantification of its 3-D geometric, luminous and fluid dynamic parameters. Based on this strategy, a flame imaging system employing three identical synchronised RG B cameras has been developed. The three cameras, placed equidistantly and equiangular on a semicircle around the flame, captured six simultaneous images of the flame from six different directions. Dedicated computing algorithms, based on image processing and tomographic reconstruction techniques have been developed to reconstruct the 3-D models of a flame. A set of geometric, luminous and fluid dynamic parameters, including surface area, volume, length, circularity, luminosity and temperature are determined from the 3-D models generated. Systematic design and experimental evaluation of the system on a gas-fired combustion rig are reported. The accuracy, resolution and validation of the system were also evaluated using purpose-designed templates including a high precision laboratory ruler, a colour flat panel and a tungsten lamp. The results obtained from the experimental evaluation are presented and the relationship between the measured parameters and the corresponding operational conditions are quantified. Preliminary investigations were conducted on a coal-fired industry-scale combustion test facility. The multi-camera system was reconfigured to use only one camera due to the restrictions at the site facility. Therefore the property of rotational symmetry of the flame had to be assumed. Under such limited conditions, the imaging system proved to provide a good reconstruction of the internal structures and luminosity variations inside the flame. Suggestions for future development of the technology are also reported

    Estudio del mecanismo de reacción e inhibición de cisteína proteasas mediante métodos multiescala

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    En esta tesis doctoral se realizaron estudios computacionales para las enzimas caspasa-1 y la 3CLpro del SARS-CoV-2. Estas enzimas pertenecen a la familia de las cisteína proteasas, las cuales hidrolizan sus respectivos sustratos rompiendo un enlace peptídico en particular. En esta reacción interviene una diada catalítica conformada por un par Cis-His. La caspasa-1 fue seleccionada debido a su importancia farmacológica en la enfermedad de Alzheimer, y la enzima 3CLpro del SARS-CoV-2 por estar involucrada en el proceso de replicación del virus responsable de la enfermedad del COVID-19. Para ambas se realizaron estudios que ayudaron a racionalizar el mecanismo de reacción con su sustrato natural utilizando m todos QM/MM. También se realizaron estudios de una serie de inhibidores enzimáticos covalentes identificando las interacciones clave enzima-sustrato que ayudar n a mejorar el desempeño de los inhibidores frente a sus respectivas enzimas. El mecanismo de reacción encontrado para la enzima caspasa-1 ocurre por una ruta alternativa al mecanismo estándar de este tipo de enzimas. En el mecanismo encontrado en nuestras simulaciones la cisteína catalítica se activa directamente por el grupo amino de su sustrato natural, lo que facilita el posterior ataque nucleofílico del azufre al carbonilo y la ruptura del enlace peptídico. En este estudio se determinó que el estado de protonación de la dada catalítica que mejor correlaciona con los resultados experimentales es aquel en el que ambos residuos están neutros, encontrándose el protón de la histidina sobre el nitrógeno delta. También se determina que los inhibidores más potentes para la caspasa-1 son aquellos que, presentan mejores interacciones con los residuos His342, Pro343 and Arg383, adicionalmente a las interacciones ya bien caracterizadas para la estabilización del oxianión formado durante la reacción. En el caso de la 3CLpro del SARSCoV-2, los resultados apuntan a que la dada catalítica en el complejo de Michaelis se encuentra en estado neutro, siendo necesaria la activación de la cisteína por parte de la histidina catalítica para que la reacción proceda. Posteriormente el grupo amino del sustrato abstrae el protón de la histidina mientras se da el ataque nucleofílico del azufre de la cisteína sobre el carbono del carbonilo del enlace peptídico. Para la etapa de de-acilación se describió un mecanismo de reacción alternativo, en donde el grupo amino del grupo saliente desprotona la molécula de agua que posteriormente va a hidrolizar el complejo acil-enzima. En cuanto a la inhibición enzimática, se encontró un mecanismo de intercambio de protones mediado por una molécula de agua, o un grupo hidroxilo. Los hallazgos de esta tesis doctoral abren la puerta para el desarrollo de potentes inhibidores para las dos enzimas involucradas en este estudio, esperando así contribuir al desarrollo de medicamentos que ayuden a tratar las enfermedades en las que se encuentran involucradas.In this doctoral thesis, computational studies were carried out for the enzymes caspase-1 and 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2. These enzymes belong to the cysteine ​​protease family, which hydrolyze their respective substrates by breaking a particular peptide bond. This reaction involves a catalytic dyad made up of a Cis-His pair. The enzymes Caspase-1 and the SARS-CoV-2 enzyme 3CLpro were selected due to its pharmacological importance in Alzheimer's disease and in the COVID-19 disease respectively. For both, studies were carried out that helped to rationalize the reaction mechanism with its natural substrate using QM/MM methods. Also, studies on a series of covalent inhibitors were conducted in order to identify the key enzyme-substrate interactions that will help improve the performance of the inhibitors against their respective enzymes. The reaction mechanism found for the caspase-1 enzyme occurs through an alternative route to the standard mechanism of this type of enzyme. In the mechanism found in our simulations, the catalytic cysteine ​​is activated directly by the amino group of its natural substrate, which facilitates the subsequent nucleophilic attack of sulfur on the carbonyl and the breaking of the peptide bond. In this study it was determined that the protonation state of the catalytic dyad that best correlates with the experimental results is the one in which both residues are neutral, with the histidine protonated on the delta nitrogen. It was also determined that the most potent inhibitors for caspase-1 are those that present better interactions with residues His342, Pro343 and Arg383, in addition to the interactions already well characterized for the stabilization of the oxyanion formed during the reaction. In the case of the 3CLpro of SARSCoV-2, the results indicate that the catalytic dyad in the Michaelis complex exist in a neutral state, requiring the cysteine be activated ​​by the catalytic histidine for the reaction to proceed. Subsequently, the amino group of the substrate abstracts the proton from the histidine while the nucleophilic attack of the cysteine ​​sulfur on the carbonyl carbon of the peptide bond takes place. An alternative reaction mechanism was described for the deacylation step, where the amino group of the leaving group deprotonates the water molecule that subsequently hydrolyzes the acyl-enzyme complex. Regarding enzyme inhibition, a proton exchange mechanism mediated by a water molecule or a hydroxyl group was found. The findings of this doctoral thesis open the door for the development of powerful inhibitors for the two enzymes involved in this study, thus hoping to contribute to the development of drugs that help treat the diseases in which they are involved

    Spattered with Words: a stylistic toolkit accounting for the 'theatricality' behind the playwright/screenwriter's use of real and improvised language in creating drama texts.

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    This thesis documents investigations into the success (or not) of real, spontaneous dialogue when applied to the creation of a script for dramatic performance. The accounting for such success delves into different theoretical frameworks: conversation theory, stylistics, Cognitive Poetics, narratology, and extended cognition. This is therefore an interdisciplinary perspective, with ideas emerging from the fields of psychology, philosophy, literary stylistics and linguistics; yet all applied within the context of drama and performance. As such, this thesis may be seen as a playwright's 'toolbox' where the different views, as they necessarily overlap, can be seen as elements, which, when taken together, account for (and help in) the decisions an author may make in creating a text out of improvised speech. The investigation is also a search for the notion of 'theatricality' in the context of authentic speech and uses various forms of theatrical performance as examples, ranging from amateur improvisation to TV and film productions, Commedia dell'Arte to modern, immersive theatre. Finally, application of the theoretical frameworks is made to a current theatre project, The Plant

    Los géneros discursivos prototípicos de la Licenciatura en Administración de Empresas : conformación de un corpus textual con fines pedagógicos

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    Especialización en Didáctica de la Lenguas ExtranjerasEn el contexto de enseñanza de lectura comprensiva en lengua extranjera en el nivel superior, la selección textual para conformar un corpus pedagógico representa un aspecto fundamental, dado que este constituye la base de los materiales didácticos con los que se organiza la enseñanza (Hurtado Albir, 2011). En este sentido, dicho corpus debería incluir géneros prototípicos de las comunidades disciplinares (Bhatia, 1993; Cassany, 2008; Hyland, 2002) sobre temáticas de interés para los estudiantes atendiendo también a la opinión de los especialistas del área disciplinar. El presente trabajo aborda la problemática del diseño de materiales de comprensión lectora en inglés en el ámbito universitario. En cuanto al propósito principal, este estudio procura contribuir al mejoramiento de las prácticas pedagógicas en dicho contexto, a través de la descripción de los géneros y temáticas afines a la disciplina para la conformación del corpus pedagógico del nuevo manual para Lengua Inglesa II de la Licenciatura en Administración de Empresas, UCC. La problemática planteada es abordada desde un enfoque teórico que articula el concepto de lectura comprensiva en el nivel superior y los aportes de la teoría del género, según la Escuela de Inglés con Fines Específicos, y de la lingüística textual de base germánica. La presente investigación de alcance descriptivo y con un enfoque predominantemente cualitativo se desarrolló entre el segundo semestre de 2018 y el primer semestre de 2019. El proceso metodológico se organizó en torno a tres instrumentos clave para la recolección de datos, a saber, la ficha bibliográfica, el cuestionario a estudiantes y el cuestionario a docentes. A su vez, la información recolectada a partir de estas herramientas permitió realizar la selección textual y el consiguiente análisis multinivel de los textos del corpus. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido sugerir no solo una propuesta de corpus ejemplar con fines pedagógicos para el contexto educativo mencionado, sino también algunos posibles lineamientos que podrían considerarse para conducir una futura ampliación del corpus ejemplar.Fil: Cardini, María Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Lenguas; Argentina
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