Overløpskontroll i avløpsnett med forskjellige modelleringsteknikker og internet of things

Increased urbanization and extreme rainfall events are causing more frequent instances of sewer overflow, leading to the pollution of water resources and negative environmental, health, and fiscal impacts. At the same time, the treatment capacity of wastewater treatment plants is seriously affected. The main aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to use the Internet of Things and various modeling techniques to investigate the use of real-time control on existing sewer systems to mitigate overflow. The role of the Internet of Things is to provide continuous monitoring and real-time control of sewer systems. Data collected by the Internet of Things are also useful for model development and calibration. Models are useful for various purposes in real-time control, and they can be distinguished as those suitable for simulation and those suitable for prediction. Models that are suitable for a simulation, which describes the important phenomena of a system in a deterministic way, are useful for developing and analyzing different control strategies. Meanwhile, models suitable for prediction are usually employed to predict future system states. They use measurement information about the system and must have a high computational speed. To demonstrate how real-time control can be used to manage sewer systems, a case study was conducted for this thesis in Drammen, Norway. In this study, a hydraulic model was used as a model suitable for simulation to test the feasibility of different control strategies. Considering the recent advances in artificial intelligence and the large amount of data collected through the Internet of Things, the study also explored the possibility of using artificial intelligence as a model suitable for prediction. A summary of the results of this work is presented through five papers. Paper I demonstrates that one mainstream artificial intelligence technique, long short-term memory, can precisely predict the time series data from the Internet of Things. Indeed, the Internet of Things and long short-term memory can be powerful tools for sewer system managers or engineers, who can take advantage of real-time data and predictions to improve decision-making. In Paper II, a hydraulic model and artificial intelligence are used to investigate an optimal in-line storage control strategy that uses the temporal storage volumes in pipes to reduce overflow. Simulation results indicate that during heavy rainfall events, the response behavior of the sewer system differs with respect to location. Overflows at a wastewater treatment plant under different control scenarios were simulated and compared. The results from the hydraulic model show that overflows were reduced dramatically through the intentional control of pipes with in-line storage capacity. To determine available in-line storage capacity, recurrent neural networks were employed to predict the upcoming flow coming into the pipes that were to be controlled. Paper III and Paper IV describe a novel inter-catchment wastewater transfer solution. The inter-catchment wastewater transfer method aims at redistributing spatially mismatched sewer flows by transferring wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant to its neighboring catchment. In Paper III, the hydraulic behaviors of the sewer system under different control scenarios are assessed using the hydraulic model. Based on the simulations, inter-catchment wastewater transfer could efficiently reduce total overflow from a sewer system and wastewater treatment plant. Artificial intelligence was used to predict inflow to the wastewater treatment plant to improve inter-catchment wastewater transfer functioning. The results from Paper IV indicate that inter-catchment wastewater transfer might result in an extra burden for a pump station. To enhance the operation of the pump station, long short-term memory was employed to provide multi-step-ahead water level predictions. Paper V proposes a DeepCSO model based on large and high-resolution sensors and multi-task learning techniques. Experiments demonstrated that the multi-task approach is generally better than single-task approaches. Furthermore, the gated recurrent unit and long short-term memory-based multi-task learning models are especially suitable for capturing the temporal and spatial evolution of combined sewer overflow events and are superior to other methods. The DeepCSO model could help guide the real-time operation of sewer systems at a citywide level.publishedVersio

Water quality indicator interval prediction in wastewater treatment process based on the improved BES-LSSVM algorithm

This paper proposes a novel interval prediction method for effluent water quality indicators (including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)), which are key performance indices in the water quality monitoring and control of a wastewater treatment plant. Firstly, the effluent data regarding BOD/NH3-N and their necessary auxiliary variables are collected. After some basic data pre-processing techniques, the key indicators with high correlation degrees of BOD and NH3-N are analyzed and selected based on a gray correlation analysis algorithm. Next, an improved IBES-LSSVM algorithm is designed to predict the BOD/NH3-N effluent data of a wastewater treatment plant. This algorithm relies on an improved bald eagle search (IBES) optimization algorithm that is used to find the optimal parameters of least squares support vector machine (LSSVM). Then, an interval estimation method is used to analyze the uncertainty of the optimized LSSVM model. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can obtain high prediction accuracy, with reduced computational time and an easy calculation process, in predicting effluent water quality parameters compared with other existing algorithms.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Performance comparison of SVM and ANN for aerobic granular sludge

To comply with growing demand for high effluent quality of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), a simple and reliable prediction model is thus needed. The wastewater treatment technology considered in this paper is an Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS). The AGS systems are fundamentally complex due to uncertainty and non-linearity of the system makes it hard to predict. This paper presents model predictions and optimization as a tool in predicting the performance of the AGS. The input-output data used in model prediction are (COD, TN, TP, AN, and MLSS). After feature analysis, the prediction of the models using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) are developed and compared. The simulation of the model uses the experimental data obtained from Sequencing Batch Reactor under hot temperature of 50˚C. The simulation results indicated that the SVM is preferable to FFNN and it can provide a useful tool in predicting the effluent quality of WWTP

Artificial Intelligence-Based Optimization of Industrial Membrane Processes

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is gaining acceptance for modern control systems in various applications in daily life including the Chemical process industry. Above all, application of AI is increasing in the field of membrane-based treatment where it shows great potential until now. Membrane separations are generally recognized as energy-efficient processes. In particular, membrane desalination, forward osmosis, energy generation, and biomass treatment have shown substantial potential in modern industries, such as wastewater treatment, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and natural products. All these industries consume more than 20% of total energy consumption in the world. Moreover, the laboratory research outcomes illuminate the way to better membrane design and development, including advanced process control and optimization. The membrane processes with existing technologies for a sustainable environment could be integrated with the AI model. This review summarizes several membrane-based water treatment designs and plant performances where artificial intelligence is being used to minimize waste generation and lead to cleaner production

Influent generator : towards realistic modelling of wastewater flowrate and water quality using machine-learning methods

Depuis que l'assainissement des eaux usées est reconnu comme un des objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies, le traitement et la gestion des eaux usées sont devenus plus importants que jamais. La modélisation et la digitalisation des stations de récupération des ressources de l'eau (StaRRE) jouent un rôle important depuis des décennies, cependant, le manque de données disponibles sur les affluents entrave le développement de la modélisation de StaRRE. Cette thèse vis e à faire progresser la modélisation des systèmes d'assainissement en général, et en particulier en ce qui concerne la génération dynamique des affluents. Dans cette étude, différents générateurs d'affluent (GA), qui peuvent fournir un profil d'affluent dynamique, ont été proposés, optimisés et discutés. Les GA développés ne se concentrent pas seulement sur le débit, les solides en suspension et la matière organique, mais également sur les substances nutritives telles que l'azote et le phosphore. En outre, cette étude vise à adapter les GA à différentes applications en fonction des différentes exigences de modélisation. Afin d'évaluer les performances des GA d'un point de vue général, une série de critères d'évaluation de la qualité du modèle est décrite. Premièrement, pour comprendre la dynamique des affluents, une procédure de caractérisation des affluents a été développée et testée pour une étude de cas à l'échelle pilote. Ensuite, pour générer différentes séries temporelles d'affluent, un premier GA a été développé. La méthodologie de modélisation est basée sur l'apprentissage automatique en raison de ses calculs rapides, de sa précision et de sa capacité à traiter les mégadonnées. De plus, diverses versions de ce GA ont été appliquées pour différents cas optimisées en fonction des disponibilités d'études et ont été des données (la fréquence et l'horizon temporel), des objectifs et des exigences de précision. Les résultats démontrent que : i) le modèle GA proposé peut être utilisé pour générer d'affluents dynamiques réalistes pour différents objectifs, et les séries temporelles résultantes incluent à la fois le débit et la concentration de polluants avec une bonne précision et distribution statistique; ii) les GA sont flexibles, ce qui permet de les améliorer selon différents objectifs d'optimisation; iii) les GA ont été développés en considérant l'équilibre entre les efforts de modélisation, la collecte de données requise et les performances du modèle. Basé sur les perspectives de modélisation des StaRRE, l'analyse des procédés et la modélisation prévisionnelle, les modèles de GA dynamiques peuvent fournir aux concepteurs et aux modélisateurs un profil d'affluent complet et réaliste, ce qui permet de surmonter les obstacles liés au manque de données d'affluent. Par conséquent, cette étude a démontré l'utilité des GA et a fait avancer la modélisation des StaRRE en focalisant sur l'application de méthodologies d'exploration de données et d'apprentissage automatique. Les GA peuvent donc être utilisés comme outil puissant pour la modélisation des StaRRE, avec des applications pour l'amélioration de la configuration de traitement, la conception de procédés, ainsi que la gestion et la prise de décision stratégique. Les GA peuvent ainsi contribuer au développement de jumeaux numériques pour les StaRRE, soit des système intelligent et automatisé de décision et de contrôle.Since wastewater sanitation is acknowledged as one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations, wastewater treatment and management have been more important then ever. Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) modelling and digitalization have been playing an important role since decades, however, the lack of available influent data still hampers WRRF model development. This dissertation aims at advancing the field of wastewater systems modelling in general, and in particular with respect to the dynamic influent generation. In this study, different WRRF influent generators (IG), that can provide a dynamic influent flow and pollutant concentration profile, have been proposed, optimized and discussed. The developed IGs are not only focusing on flowrate, suspended solids, and organic matter, but also on nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The study further aimed at adapting the IGs to different case studies, so that future users feel comfortable to apply different IG versions according to different modelling requirements. In order to evaluate the IG performance from a general perspective, a series of criteria for evaluating the model quality were evaluated. Firstly, to understand the influent dynamics, a procedure of influent characterization has been developed and experimented at pilot scale. Then, to generate different realizations of the influent time series, the first IG was developed and a data-driven modelling approach chosen, because of its fast calculations, its precision and its capacity of handling big data. Furthermore, different realizations of IGs were applied to different case studies and were optimized for different data availabilities (frequency and time horizon), objectives, and modelling precision requirements. The overall results indicate that: i) the proposed IG model can be used to generate realistic dynamic influent time series for different case studies, including both flowrate and pollutant concentrations with good precision and statistical distribution; ii) the proposed IG is flexible and can be improved for different optimization objectives; iii) the IG model has been developed by considering the balance between modelling efforts, data collection requirements and model performance. Based on future perspectives of WRRF process modelling, process analysis, and forecasting, the dynamic IG model can provide designers and modellers with a complete and realistic influent profile and this overcomes the often-occurring barrier of shortage of influent data for modelling. Therefore, this study demonstrated the IGs' usefulness for advanced WRRF modelling focusing on the application of data mining and machine learning methodologies. It is expected to be widely used as a powerful tool for WRRF modelling, improving treatment configurations and process designs, management and strategic decision-making, such as when transforming a conventional WRRF to a digital twin that can be used as an intelligent and automated system

ANN-based prediction of ammonia nitrogen for wastewater discharge indicators under carbon neutral trend

IntroductionWith the rapid development of society and urbanization, greenhouse gas emissions have increased, leading to environmental problems such as global warming. The rise in urban water consumption has also resulted in increased sewage discharge, exacerbating freshwater scarcity and water pollution. Understanding the current status and spatial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions in China's sewage treatment industry is crucial for emission reduction measures and controlling ammonia nitrogen pollution.MethodsThis study comprehensively investigates greenhouse gas emissions from sewage treatment plants, analyzing influencing factors and predicting future spatial and temporal distributions. The uncertainty of ammonia nitrogen emissions is calculated using the IPCC's error propagation method, considering uncertainty ranges of variables. Additionally, an artificial neural network is employed to predict ammonia nitrogen content in sewage discharge, aiming to prevent excessive levels in wastewater.Results and discussionThe proposed model outperforms others with an R-Squared score of 0.926, demonstrating its superior accuracy in predicting ammonia content in wastewater. These findings contribute to better emission reduction strategies and control of ammonia nitrogen emissions. This model can effectively prevent excessive ammonia nitrogen content in discharged wastewater, contributing to water pollution control. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of understanding greenhouse gas emissions from sewage treatment plants and their impact on water pollution. The research provides valuable insights into emission reduction measures, emission prediction, and technological innovations suitable for China's specific conditions. By effectively managing ammonia nitrogen emissions and adopting the proposed predictive model, the goals of carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability can be better achieved

A learning-based approach towards the data-driven predictive control of combined wastewater networks - An experimental study

Smart control in water systems aims to reduce the cost of infrastructure expansion by better utilizing the available capacity through real-time control. The recent availability of sensors and advanced data processing is expected to transform the view of water system operators, increasing the need for deploying a new generation of data-driven control solutions. To that end, this paper proposes a data-driven control framework for combined wastewater and stormwater networks. We propose to learn the effect of wet- and dry-weather flows through the variation of water levels by deploying a number of level sensors in the network. To tackle the challenges associated with combining hydraulic and hydrologic modelling, we adopt a Gaussian process-based predictive control tool to capture the dynamic effect of rain and wastewater inflows, while applying domain knowledge to preserve the balance of water volumes. To show the practical feasibility of the approach, we test the control performance on a laboratory setup, inspired by the topology of a real-world wastewater network. We compare our method to a rule-based controller currently used by the water utility operating the proposed network. Overall, the controller learns the wastewater load and the temporal dynamics of the network, and therefore significantly outperforms the baseline controller, especially during high-intensity rain periods. Finally, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the approach for practical real-time control implementations.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version