강력범죄 발생 및 강력범죄 핫스팟 형성에 영향을 미치는 지역 특성에 대한 연구

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농경제사회학부(지역정보학전공), 2021.8. 이성우.The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the causal inference between violent crime and spatial characteristics of local area utilizing spatial linear models and spatial discrete choice models and to propose alternative public policies for desirable urban environments in South Korea. The spatial variables adopted in this study are the proportion of hotel and restaurant businesses in an area, and road accessibility. These two variables are important factors that reflect the industrial structure and population influx. This dissertation is composed of two essays. In the first essay, the impacts of the demographic, socio-economic, and spatial factors on violent crime are analyzed utilizing sever spatial linear models. The results reveal that the increase in the number of hotel and restaurant businesses is positively associated with the incidence of crime. In addition, enhancement of the road accessibility has a positive effect on crime. The second essay analyzes the effects of the spatial variables on violent crime hot spot using spatial discrete choice models. The results show that the impact of the spatial variables that determine violent crime hot spots proves to be highly effective. The proportion of the hotel and restaurant establishments shows positive effects on determining violent crime hot spots. Furthermore, the higher the road accessibility of an area, the higher was the probability of becoming a violent crime hot spot. Regional characteristics clearly affect the level of crime incidence. Based on the findings, this thesis suggests some implications to urban planners and policymakers. Further studies on the relationship between crime and urban planning policies are necessary for crime prevention and safer urban communities. In particular, interdisciplinary research between criminology and urban planning is essential to prevent crime in urban areas.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Objective of the Study 1 1.2. Background 3 1.3. Research Hypotheses 10 1.4. Structure of the Study 12 Chapter 2. Determinants on Violent Crime Incidence: Application of Spatial Linear Models 15 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Background 17 2.3. Methodology and Data 20 2.4. Results 28 2.5. Summary 39 Chapter 3. Determinats on Violent Crime Hot Spots: Application of Spatial Discrete Choice Models 40 3.1. Introduction 40 3.2. Background 42 3.3. Methodology and Data 44 3.4. Results 51 3.5. Summary 56 Chapter 4. Conclusion 58 4.1. Summary of Findings 59 4.2. Implication, Limitation, and Future Study 60 Bibliography 63 Appendix 75 Abstract in Korean 80석

Place after prison: neighborhood attachment and attainment during reentry

Over 600,000 people leave prison and become residents of neighborhoods across the United States annually. Using a longitudinal survey of people returning to Greater Boston, this study examines disparities in neighborhood attainment after prison. Accounting for levels of pre-prison neighborhood disadvantage, Black and Hispanic respondents moved into significantly more disadvantaged areas than whites. Forty percent of respondents initially moved to only one of two Boston community areas. Housing is an important neighborhood sorting mechanism: living in concentrated disadvantage was more likely for those residing in household arrangements with family or friends, or in emergency or transitional housing. Significantly, neighborhood residence was not attained by all: a quarter of respondents left prison and entered formal institutional settings or lived in extreme social marginality throughout Boston. Housing insecurity, re-incarceration, and profound racial disparities in neighborhood context explain the ecological structure of social inequality in urban neighborhoods in an era of mass incarceration.Accepted manuscrip

Street Egohood: An Alternative Perspective of Measuring Neighborhood and Spatial Patterns of Crime

Objectives: The current study proposes an approach that accounts for the importance of streets while at the same time accounting for the overlapping spatial nature of social and physical environments captured by the egohood approach. Our approach utilizes overlapping clusters of streets based on the street network distance, which we term street egohoods. Methods: We used the street segment as a base unit and employed two strategies in clustering the street segments: (1) based on the First Order Queen Contiguity; and (2) based on the street network distance considering physical barriers. We utilized our approaches for measuring ecological factors and estimated crime rates in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Results: We found that whereas certain socio-demographics, land use, and business employee measures show stronger relationships with crime when measured at the smaller street based unit, a number of them actually exhibited stronger relationships when measured using our larger street egohoods. We compared the results for our three-sized street egohoods to street segments and two sizes of block egohoods proposed by Hipp and Boessen (Criminology 51(2):287–327, 2013) and found that two egohood strategies essentially are not different at the quarter mile egohood level but this similarity appears lower when looking at the half mile egohood level. Also, the street egohood models are a better fit for predicting violent and property crime compared to the block egohood models. Conclusions: A primary contribution of the current study is to develop and propose a new perspective of measuring neighborhood based on urban streets. We empirically demonstrated that whereas certain socio-demographic measures show the strongest relationship with crime when measured at the micro geographic unit of street segments, a number of them actually exhibited the strongest relationship when measured using our larger street egohoods. We hope future research can use egohoods to expand understanding of neighborhoods and crime

Measuring the geography of opportunity

Quantitative segregation research focuses almost exclusively on the spatial sorting of demographic groups. This research largely ignores the structural characteristics of neighborhoods – such as crime, job accessibility, and school quality – that likely help determine important household outcomes. This paper summarizes the research on segregation, neighborhood effects, and concentrated disadvantage, and argues that we should pay more attention to neighborhood structural characteristics, and that the data increasingly exist to include measures of spatial segregation and neighborhood opportunity. The paper concludes with a brief empirical justification for the inclusion of data on neighborhood violence and a discussion on policy applications

Editorial: crime patterns in time and space: the dynamics of crime opportunities in urban areas

The routine activity approach and associated crime pattern theory emphasise how crime emerges from spatio-temporal routines. In order to understand this crime should be studied in both space and time. However, the bulk of research into crime patterns and related activities has investigated the spatial distributions of crime, neglecting the temporal dimension. Specifically, disaggregation of crime by place and by time, for example hour of day, day of week, month of year, season, or school day versus none school day, is extremely relevant to theory. Modern data make such spatio-temporal disaggregation increasingly feasible, as exemplified in this special issue. First, much larger data files allow disaggregation of crime data into temporal and spatial slices. Second, new forms of data are generated by modern technologies, allowing innovative and new forms of analyses. Crime pattern analyses and routine activity inquiries are now able to explore avenues not previously available. The unique collection of nine papers in this thematic issue specifically examine spatio-temporal patterns of crime to; demonstrate the value of this approach for advancing knowledge in the field; consider how this informs our theoretical understanding of the manifestations of crime in time and space; to consider the prevention implications of this; and to raise awareness of the need for further spatio-temporal research into crime event

Economic Impacts of Residential Property Abandonment and the Genesee County Land Bank in Flint, Michigan

Describes the land bank model, which allows local public authorities to manage and develop tax-foreclosed properties with a focus on returning them to productive use, and summarizes the activities of a successful land bank effort in Flint, Michigan