The Social Media Disorder Scale

AbstractThere is growing evidence that social media addiction is an evolving problem, particularly among adolescents. However, the absence of an instrument measuring social media addiction hinders further development of the research field. The present study, therefore, aimed to test the reliability and validity of a short and easy to administer Social Media Disorder (SMD) Scale that contains a clear diagnostic cut-off point to distinguish between disordered (i.e. addicted) and high-engaging non-disordered social media users.Three online surveys were conducted among a total of 2198 Dutch adolescents aged 10 to 17. The 9-item scale showed solid structural validity, appropriate internal consistency, good convergent and criterion validity, sufficient test-retest reliability, and satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. In sum, this study generated evidence that the short 9-item scale is a psychometrically sound and valid instruments to measure SMD

Developing a social media behavior scale

When the topic of social media usage arises, the connotation is usually negative, with a focus on the negative impact both on the individual and on society (Greysen, Kind, & Chretien, 2010). In response to these perceived negative effects, some researchers have created a Social Media Disorder Scale (Van Den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) in order to address a diagnostic cutoff for social media disorder. However, relatively less research has been focused on measuring the potentially positive effects of social media on the individual and on society. In an effort to address this issue, the aim of the present research was to create a scale to evaluate social media behavior in reference to altruism, connectedness and maladaptive behaviors. Exploratory factor analyses revealed five factor subscales comprising our 21-item scale. Predictive validity analyses with the five factor subscales found age and gender differences in predicting Social Media Disorder

Social media pressure and the body dysmorphic disorder tendency in women: The mediating role of perfectionism

The ideal body image displayed in social media often makes women vulnerable to body image issues, one of which is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study aims to examine the role of social media pressure in predicting the tendency towards such a disorder in emerging adult women, with each of the three dimensions of perfectionism as a mediator. The participants were 385 women aged 18-25 years who used social media and were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Screening Scale, Social Media Pressure Scale, Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), and some open-ended questions distributed online through various social media. The BDD tendency model tested using structural equation modeling has a good fit with the data (χ2/df = .019, RMSEA = .001, CFI = 1.00) and shows that the role of social media pressure in women's BDD tendency was fully mediated through the discrepancy dimension of perfectionism. The findings indicate that a program is needed to develop media literacy and promote positive body images for women who use social media to prevent body image issues

Social media pressure and the body dysmorphic disorder tendency in women: The mediating role of perfectionism

The ideal body image displayed in social media often makes women vulnerable to body image issues, one of which is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study aims to examine the role of social media pressure in predicting the tendency towards such a disorder in emerging adult women, with each of the three dimensions of perfectionism as a mediator. The participants were 385 women aged 18-25 years who used social media and were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Screening Scale, Social Media Pressure Scale, Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), and some open-ended questions distributed online through various social media. The BDD tendency model tested using structural equation modeling has a good fit with the data (χ2/df = .019, RMSEA = .001, CFI = 1.00) and shows that the role of social media pressure in women's BDD tendency was fully mediated through the discrepancy dimension of perfectionism. The findings indicate that a program is needed to develop media literacy and promote positive body images for women who use social media to prevent body image issues

Social Isolation, Fear of Missing Out, and Social Media Use in Deaf and Hearing College Students

This study investigated the relationships between social isolation, fear of missing out, self-esteem, and social media usage, and whether these relationships are different in deaf and hearing college students. Data were collected from 191 individuals (46 Deaf/Hard of Hearing, 145 hearing) via an online survey. Variables included number of social media accounts, time spent (in hours) on social media, number of times per day social media is accessed, FOMO, social media use, hearing status/identity, self-esteem, social isolation, and social media disorder. Correlational tests were conducted separately for hearing and for Deaf/HH participants. The groups had an unequal distribution of gender, which was evaluated via chi-square tests and determined to be statistically significant. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to investigate whether the gender or hearing identity of participants influenced the results. Gender was not significant in the distribution, but hearing identity was significant. With the exception of the number of social media accounts, the hearing identity groups did not differ on social media use. However, the DHH participants scored higher on the social media disorder scale and lower in self-esteem. Neither scale was normed for the DHH community, so these findings should be interpreted with caution. There was not a relationship between social media use and FOMO in Deaf/HH participants but a relationship between FOMO and number of accounts and hours per day was seen in the hearing group. Overall, the quantity of social media use was not correlated with social isolation, self-esteem, or FOMO, with two exceptions (number of accounts and hours per day in hearing). There was a relationship between social media use and social media disorder, which was expected. These results indicated that how individuals interact with social media might be more meaningful to examine than how frequently they use it

Peran fear of missing out (FOMO) dan penggunaan media sosial terhadap artikulasi identitas keislaman pada kalangan milennial muslim yang mengikuti tren hijrah di Instagram

Based on study of 177 millennial Muslims in Indonesia who actively engaged in the hijrah movement through their Instagram, this study aims to reveal the relationship between FOMO and problematic use of social media, with the articulation of Islamic identity. The measuring instruments used in this research were the adaptation of the FOMO scale, the ad­aptation of social media disorder scale and the articulation of Islamic identity on Instagram scale. The results of the analysis using multiple regression showed that simultaneously FOMO and problematic use of social media predicted the articulation of Islamic identity with a simultaneous effective contribution of 40.6% (36.7% the contribution of social media use & 3.9% the contribution of FOMO). We also found that FOMO independently had no correlation with the articulation of Islamic identity, but the use of problematic social media proved to have a significant correlation with the articulation of Islamic identity. These findings may serve as a basis for further research related to the theme of religious identity articulation in social media and the formulation of interventions for excessive use of social media

The roles of social media, clean eating and self-esteem in the risk of disordered eating: A pilot study of self-reported healthy eaters

Background: Clean eating is a dietary trend focused on the avoidance of unhealthy foods. Social media encourages these highly restrictive diets and can lead to eating disorders and low self-esteem. This study examines the influence of dietary classification, social media use, diet quality and self-esteem on eating disorder risk amongst a healthy group. Method: Forty-one participants completed an online survey examining diet quality via the healthy eating index; and eating disorder risk using the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q). Participants were also asked to complete Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale and reveal whether they defined their diet as either ‘clean’ or ‘pure’; reflective of the trend of clean eating. Participants also categorised the time spent on social media each day. Results: Independent t-tests revealed that participants who categorised their diet as ‘clean’ had significantly higher SE (t(39) = 2.729; P=.009); whilst greater time on social media was associated with elevated eating disorder risk (t(39) =-2.99; P=.005) and poorer SE (t(39) =-3.01; P=.005). Multiple linear regression revealed that social media usage was a significant predictor of eating concern (ß=.419; P=.01); whilst SE significantly predicted eating restraint (ß=-.423; P=.03); shape concern (ß=.217; P=.04); weight concern (ß=-.454; P=.008) and the global EDE-Q score (ß=-.437; P<.01). Conclusions: Both social media usage and self-esteem might play a key role in the development of eating disorders in a healthy group; with high social media usage also influencing self-esteem. Future research should examine how social media could be used to promote good self-esteem and thus reduce eating disorder risk

Associations Between College Students\u27 Social Media Use and Psychological Adjustment During COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to examine whether higher levels of social media use are associated with higher levels of psychological distress, including symptoms of depression and anxiety, and perceived stress. We hypothesize that social media use will be positively correlated with psychological difficulties. The sample includes 522 undergraduates from two liberal arts institutions from the Southeast US. Participants were administered an online survey in the fall of 2020. A second wave of data will be collected during the last week of February 2021. Measures include the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Perceived Stress Scale, Adapted Social Media Use Integration Scale, and The Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale. Once Wave 2 data are collected, we will run a series of regressions to investigate the link between social media use and psychological adjustment across two waves. These findings could be vital in understanding college students’ well-being amidst their use of and exposure to social media

Problematic social media use and social connectedness in adolescence: the mediating and moderating role of family life satisfaction

Problematic social media use (PSMU) among adolescents has become an area of increasing research interest in recent years. It is known that PSMU is negatively associated with social connectedness. The present study examined the role of family life satisfaction in this relationship by investigating its mediating and moderating role in the relationship between problematic social use and social connectedness. The present study comprised 549 adolescents (296 girls and 253 boys) who had used social media for at least 1 year and had at least one social media account. The measures used included the Social Media Disorder Scale, Social Connectedness Scale, and Family Life Satisfaction Scale. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed using Hayes’s Process program. Regression analysis showed that PSMU negatively predicted family life satisfaction and social connectedness. In addition, family life satisfaction and PSMU predicted social connectedness. Mediation analysis showed that family life satisfaction had a significant mediation effect in the relationship between PSMU and social connectedness. Family life satisfaction was partially mediated in the relationship between PSMU and social connectedness. Moderation analysis showed that family life satisfaction did not have a significant effect on the relationship between PSMU and social connectedness. The study suggests that family life satisfaction is a meaningful mediator (but not a moderator) in the relationship between problematic social media use and social connectedness

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on how Social Media Use Influences Eating Disorders and Exercise Motivation

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically impacted the life of every individual. Stay-at-home orders imposed to control the spread of the virus have only led to an increase in social media use to stay connected with others. College students were particularly affected by the measures put in place to control the spread of COVID-19 due to geographical, social, and economic changes (Aristovnik et al., 2020). The stress caused by these changes can increase eating disorder symptoms (Lacey et al., 1986) and exercise behaviors (Kim & McKenzie, 2014). The aim of the study is to observe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on how social media use influences eating disorders and exercise behaviors. The current study proposed that due to the pandemic, increased social media use will lead to increased eating disorder symptoms and affect exercise motivation. One hundred and ninety primarily Caucasian (n = 114), female (n = 169) students aged 18-45 were assessed on social media use and responded to the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 6.0, the Exercise Motivation Inventory 2, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the U.S. Household Food Security Scale. The results revealed that fear of COVID-19, EDE-Q score, and exercise motivation did not differ between high and low Instagram users. Furthermore, fear of COVID-19 did not moderate the relationship between Instagram use and EDE-Q score or exercise motivation. Although non-significant, these results indicate that there is a need for further investigation, specifically in the US, for how the pandemic has impacted the lives of college students