Hybrid Takagi‐Sugeno Fuzzy FED PID Control of Nonlinear Systems

The new method of proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller is proposed in this paper for a hybrid fuzzy PID controller for nonlinear system. The important feature of the proposed approach is that it combines the fuzzy gain scheduling method and a fuzzy fed PID controller to solve the nonlinear control problem. The resultant fuzzy rule base of the proposed controller contains one part. This single part of the rules uses the Takagi–Sugeno method for solving the nonlinear problem. The simulation results of a nonlinear system show that the performance of a fed PID Hybrid Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy controller is better than that of the conventional fuzzy PID controller or Hybrid Mamdani fuzzy FED PID controller

Advances in PID Control

Since the foundation and up to the current state-of-the-art in control engineering, the problems of PID control steadily attract great attention of numerous researchers and remain inexhaustible source of new ideas for process of control system design and industrial applications. PID control effectiveness is usually caused by the nature of dynamical processes, conditioned that the majority of the industrial dynamical processes are well described by simple dynamic model of the first or second order. The efficacy of PID controllers vastly falls in case of complicated dynamics, nonlinearities, and varying parameters of the plant. This gives a pulse to further researches in the field of PID control. Consequently, the problems of advanced PID control system design methodologies, rules of adaptive PID control, self-tuning procedures, and particularly robustness and transient performance for nonlinear systems, still remain as the areas of the lively interests for many scientists and researchers at the present time. The recent research results presented in this book provide new ideas for improved performance of PID control applications

A Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Robot with the Fuzzy PD Control Method

A two-wheeled self-balancing robot with a fuzzy PD control method is described and analyzed as an example of a high-order, multiple-variable, nonlinear, strong-coupling, and unstable system. Based on a system structure model, a kinetic equation is constructed using Newtonian dynamics and mechanics. After a number of simulation experiments, we get the best , , and state-feedback matrices. Then a fuzzy PD controller is designed for which the position and speed of the robot are inputs and for which the angle and angle rate of the robot are controlled by a PD controller. Finally, this paper describes a real-time control platform for the two-wheeled self-balancing robot that controls the robot effectively, after some parameter debugging. The result indicates that the fuzzy PD control algorithm can successfully achieve self-balanced control of the two-wheeled robot and prevent the robot from falling

Control of the interaction of a gantry robot end effector with the environment by the adaptive behaviour of its joint drive actuators

The thesis examines a way in which the performance of the robot electric actuators can be precisely and accurately force controlled where there is a need for maintaining a stable specified contact force with an external environment. It describes the advantages of the proposed research, which eliminates the need for any external sensors and solely depends on the precise torque control of electric motors. The aim of the research is thus the development of a software based control system and then a proposal for possible inclusion of this control philosophy in existing range of automated manufacturing techniques.The primary aim of the research is to introduce force controlled behaviour in the electric actuators when the robot interacts with the environment, by measuring and controlling the contact forces between them. A software control system is developed and implemented on a robot gantry manipulator to follow two dimensional contours without the explicit geometrical knowledge of those contours. The torque signatures from the electric actuators are monitored and maintained within a desired force band. The secondary aim is the optimal design of the software controller structure. Experiments are performed and the mathematical model is validated against conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control. Fuzzy control is introduced in the software architecture to incorporate a sophisticated control. Investigation is carried out with the combination of PID and Fuzzy logic which depend on the geometrical complexity of the external environment to achieve the expected results

Neuro-fuzzy modelling and control of robotic manipulators

The work reported in this thesis aims to design and develop a new neuro-fuzzy control system for robotic manipulators using Machine Learning Techniques, Fuzzy Logic Controllers, and Fuzzy Neural Networks. The main idea is to integrate these intelligent techniques to develop an adaptive position controller for robotic manipulators. This will finally lead to utilising one or two coordinated manipulators to perform upper-limb rehabilitation. The main target is to benefit from these intelligent techniques in a systematic way that leads to an efficient control and coordination system. The suggested control system possesses self-learning features so that it can maintain acceptable performance in the presence of uncertain loads. Simulation and modelling stages were performed using dynamical virtual reality programs to demonstrate the ideas of the control and coordination techniques. The first part of the thesis focuses on the development of neuro-fuzzy models that meet the above requirement of mimicking both kinematics and dynamics behaviour of the manipulator. For this purpose, an initial stage for data collection from the motion of the manipulator along random trajectories was performed. These data were then compacted with the help of inductive learning techniques into two sets of if-then rules that form approximation for both of the inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics of the manipulator. These rules were then used in fuzzy neural networks with differentiation characteristics to achieve online tuning of the network adjustable parameters. The second part of the thesis introduces the proposed adaptive neuro-fuzzy joint-based controller. To achieve this target, a feedback Fuzzy-Proportional-Integral-Derivative incremental controller was developed. This controller was then applied as a joint servo-controller for each robot link in addition to the main neuro-fuzzy feedforward controller used to compensate for the dynamics interactions between robot links. A feedback error learning scheme was applied to tune the feedforward neuro-fuzzy controller online using the error back-propagation algorithm. The third part of the thesis presents a neuro-fuzzy Cartesian internal model control system for robotic manipulators. The neuro-fuzzy inverse kinematics model of the manipulator was used in addition to the joint-based controller proposed and the forward mathematical model of the manipulator in an adaptive internal model controller structure. Feedback-error learning scheme was extended to tune both of the joint-based neuro-fuzzy controller and the neuro-fuzzy internal model controller online. The fourth part of the thesis suggests a simple fuzzy hysteresis coordination scheme for two position-controlled robot manipulators. The coordination scheme is based on maintaining certain kinematic relationships between the two manipulators using reference motion synchronisation without explicitly involving the hybrid position/force control or modifying the existing controller structure for either of the manipulators. The key to the success of the new method is to ensure that each manipulator is capable of tracking its own desired trajectory using its own position controller, while synchronizing its motion with the other manipulator motion so that the differential position error between the two manipulators is reduced to zero or kept within acceptable limits. A simplified test-bench emulating upper-limb rehabilitation was used to test the proposed coordination technique experimentally

Control d’un robot per a aplicacions quirúrgiques de laparoscòpia

El Projecte de Fi de Carrera desenvolupat consisteix en l’automatització d’un robot mèdic dissenyat per a operacions de laparoscòpia per tal d’ajudar al cirurgià davant tota una sèrie de limitacions amb les que es pot trobar, com per exemple la pèrdua de visió directa, la pèrdua de percepció tàctil i les restriccions de moviments. La robòtica i els sistemes de control i sensorials poden compensar en gran part aquestes carències. Aquest treball es centra en el disseny d’un controlador robust amb l’objectiu de moure la càmara de vídeo durant l’operació per tal que el metge tingui una visió el més òptima i precisa possible de la zona intraabdominal en la que està realitzant la intervenció. S’ha realitzat la síntesi d’un control robust tenint en compte les incerteses del robot ja que aquest és un sistema no lineal i variant en el temps. Per tal de resoldre el problema de control, prèviament esmentat, s’ha modelitzat el robot i s’ha desenvolupat un simulador que descriu de manera completa i global la dinàmica real del sistema. Després de realitzar un estudi i anàlisi del robot a partir d’un model de control o model simplificat, s’ha desenvolupat i programat un algoritme de control robust amb estructura PID ja que aquesta és fàcil d’implementar i la més emprada a la indústria. A continuació s’han presentat els resultats de simulació i s’ha observat i comprovat la “bondat” del control utilitzat, ja que es garanteix l’estabilitat robusta i les especificacions (precisió i rapidesa) per tota l’àrea de treball del robot

Control colaborativo de dinámicas múltiples

Este trabajo introduce un método de control de procesos multivariable para ser aplicado a sistemas donde coexisten varias dinámicas acopladas que deben ser controladas basándose en la medición de las entradas y salidas de cada subsistema, así como la estabilidad global del sistema. Se calculan trayectorias individuales para las consignas de modo de que esas trayectorias ayuden a rechazar en buena parte perturbaciones que afectan el comportamiento deseado. Se presenta una técnica de control recursivo no lineal basado en Lyapunov para encontrar una ley de control que ayude a resolver el problema de seguimiento. El desempeño de seguimiento es evaluado por alguna norma. Esta tesis plantea una solución al problema de las perturbaciones por un método de control que enfoca el esfuerzo en rechazar la perturbación en un solo lazo mientras desintoniza otros lazos. Al proponer movimientos de consigna como estrategia es fundamental garantizar que esas consignas modificadas sean las apropiadas. Su cálculo puede ser muy complejo si el grado de incertidumbre en la perturbación es elevado. Para cumplir con estas garantías se encuentra un conjunto admisible de consignas que rechaza de forma óptima la perturbación y al mismo tiempo no viola las restricciones ni desestabiliza el sistema. Esta tesis se fundamenta en las desigualdades lineales matriciales, LMI, y el trabajo permitió dar respuestas que por otros métodos eran muy difíciles de probar. Las LMI permiten hacer complejos planteamientos multivariable, con algunas modificaciones describen espacios no lineales. Como herramienta de optimización su eficacia es muy buena, ya que trata problemas convexos y no convexos. Se propone una modificación al esquema de control descentralizado de sistemas multivariable con un procedimiento poco invasivo, que sin retirar los controladores PID mejore su desempeño. Al ser esos procesos muy difíciles de controlar se propone un cambio en el paradigma que actualmente se aplica en la teoría de control. El control tradicional de dinámica múltiple controla la integridad de todas las variables de un proceso. Esta conducta rígida obliga a hacer un enorme esfuerzo, que es innecesario si se considera que la dinámica del proceso tolera variaciones en otras variables menos importantes. Este es un hecho que se evidencia en la práctica: Es suficiente controlar la variable que se relaciona directamente con la calidad del producto que se factura. Otro cambio de paradigma en esta propuesta consiste en evitar que una dinámica entre en conflicto con el resto del proceso, ya que esa situación origina inestabilidad en un sistema. Para atender situaciones conflictivas es acertado resolverlas por colaboración de los agentes involucrados. Se propone entonces el control colaborativo de procesos de dinámica múltiple en sistemas que inicialmente operan con unidades de control del tipo PID y atienden de forma aislada las dinámicas más representativas de un proceso. El método propuesto se inspira en una observación que se da en control de procesos complejos de múltiples dinámicas acopladas, donde los operadores logran mejorar el desempeño de un proceso haciendo pequeños retoques manuales en las consignas de los controladores. En esta propuesta un exosistema, llamado control colaborativo, mueve las consignas de forma óptima sin intervención humana, procurando un buen desempeño y logrando una solución con valor agregado. Con esta propuesta se mejora el desempeño y no es necesario remplazar los controladores PID que han demostrado que trabajan aceptablemente bienAbstract : This work introduces a multivariable process control method to be applied to systems where several coupled dynamics coexist that must be controlled based on the measurement of the inputs and outputs of each subsystem as well as the overall stability of the system. Individual trajectories are calculated for the setpoints so that those trajectories will largely reject disturbances that affect the desired behavior. We present a nonlinear recursive control technique based on Lyapunov to find a control law to help solve the tracking problem. Follow-up performance is assessed by some standard. This thesis proposes a solution to the problem of disturbances by a control method that focuses the effort in rejecting the disturbance in a single loop while it detunes other loops. When proposing slogan movements as a strategy, it is essential to ensure that these modified slogans are appropriate. Its calculation can be very complex if the degree of uncertainty in the disturbance is high. To comply with these guarantees is an admissible set of slogans that optimally rejects the disturbance and at the same time does not violate the restrictions or destabilize the system. This thesis is based on linear matrix inequalities, LMI, and the work allowed to give answers that by other methods were very difficult to prove. The LMI allow complex multivariate approaches, with some modifications describing nonlinear spaces. As an optimization tool, its effectiveness is very good, since it treats convex and non-convex problems. It is proposed a modification to the decentralized control scheme of multivariate systems with a non-invasive procedure, which without removing the PID controllers improves its performance. Since these processes are very difficult to control, we propose a change in the paradigm that is currently applied in control theory. Traditional multi-dynamics control controls the integrity of all variables in a process. This rigid behavior requires an enormous effort, which is unnecessary if one considers that the dynamics of the process tolerate variations in other less important variables. This is a fact that is evidenced in practice: It is sufficient to control the variable that is directly related to the quality of the product that is invoiced. Another paradigm shift in this proposal is to avoid that a dynamic is in conflict with the rest of the process, since that situation causes instability in a system. In order to deal with conflicting situations, it is wise to resolve them through the collaboration of the agents involved. We then propose the collaborative control of multiple dynamics processes in systems that initially operate with control units of the PID type and attend in isolation the most representative dynamics of a process. The proposed method is inspired by an observation that occurs in control of complex processes of multiple coupled dynamics, where the operators manage to improve the performance of a process by making small manual adjustments in the controller's instructions. In this proposal an exosystem, called collaborative control, moves the slogans optimally without human intervention, striving for a good performance and achieving a solution with added value. With this proposal performance is improved and it is not necessary to replace the PID controllers that have proven to work acceptably wellDoctorad

Design and Development of a High-Performance Quadrotor Control Architecture Based on Feedback Linearization

The purpose of this thesis is to outline the development of a high-performance quadrotor control system for an AscTec Hummingbird quadrotor using direct motor speed control within a Vicon motion capture system environment. A Ground Control Station (GCS) acts as a user interface for selecting flight patterns and displaying sensor values. An on-board Intel Edison embedded Linux computer acts as the quadrotor\u27s controller. The Vicon system measures the quadrotor\u27s position and orientation, while the Hummingbird\u27s stock AscTec Autopilot board provides inertial measurements and receives motor speed commands. Based on the flight pattern set by the GCS, smooth and di erentiable trajectories are generated. A control program was written for the Edison to obtain measurements, receive flight pattern commands, perform state estimation, calculate control laws, send motor speed commands to the Autopilot board, and log values. The program was written as a multithreaded C++ program for increased performance. A feedback linearization of the quadrotor\u27s dynamics was performed to account for its nonlinearities. A controller structure designed to ensure exponential Lyapunov stability was applied to the input-output linearized dynamics. The simplex method was used to aid the controller in pushing the Hummingbird\u27s actuators for aggressive maneuvers within set input limitations. The Edison\u27s Wi-Fi capabilities enable it to contact the Vicon server directly for position and orientation measurements. Accelerations and angular velocities are measured by the Autopilot\u27s inertial measurement unit (IMU). A quick state estimation process was implemented to filter the measured states, and state prediction was used to compensate for latency in the system. A custom circuit board and communication framework was designed and assembled for interfacing the Edison with the Autopilot. The custom communication framework allowed for a 16 times speed improvement over the default settings while bypassing the stock wireless communication\u27s inherently unreliable timing. The Hummingbird\u27s physical properties, such as propeller performance and rotational inertias, were characterized via static and step response experiments. The control system\u27s flight performance was evaluated through simulation and experimental tests

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Control Theory in Engineering

The subject matter of this book ranges from new control design methods to control theory applications in electrical and mechanical engineering and computers. The book covers certain aspects of control theory, including new methodologies, techniques, and applications. It promotes control theory in practical applications of these engineering domains and shows the way to disseminate researchers’ contributions in the field. This project presents applications that improve the properties and performance of control systems in analysis and design using a higher technical level of scientific attainment. The authors have included worked examples and case studies resulting from their research in the field. Readers will benefit from new solutions and answers to questions related to the emerging realm of control theory in engineering applications and its implementation