29,161 research outputs found
Hazard prediction discriminates between novice and experienced drivers
Typical hazard perception tests often confound multiple processes in their responses. The current study tested hazard prediction in isolation to assess whether this component can discriminate between novice and experienced drivers. A variant of the hazard perception test, based on the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique, found experienced drivers to outperform novices across three experiments suggesting that the act of predicting an imminent hazard is a crucial part of the hazard-perception process. Furthermore three additional hypotheses were tested in these experiments. First, performance was compared across clips of different length. There was marginal evidence that novice drivers' performance suffered with the longest clips, but experienced driversโ performance did not, suggesting that experienced drivers find hazard prediction less effortful. Secondly, predictive accuracy was found to be dependent on the temporal proximity of visual precursors to the hazard. Thirdly the relationship between the hazard and its precursor was found to be important, with less obvious precursors improving the discrimination between novice and experience drivers. These findings demonstrate that a measure of hazard prediction, which is less confounded by the influence of risk appraisal than simple response time measures, can still discriminate between novice and experienced drivers. Application of this methodology under different conditions can produce insights into the underlying processes that may be at work, whilst also providing an alternative test of driver skill in relation to the detection of hazards
An object oriented Bayesian network approach for unsafe driving maneuvers prevention system
ยฉ 2017 IEEE. As the main contributor to the traffic accidents, unsafe driving maneuvers have taken attentions from automobile industries. Although driving feedback systems have been developed in effort of dangerous driving reduction, it lacks of drivers awareness development. Therefore, those systems are not preventive in nature. To cover this weakness, this paper presents an approach to develop drivers awareness to prevent dangerous driving maneuvers. The approach uses Object-Oriented Bayesian Network to model hazardous situations. The result of the model can truthfully reflect a driving environment based upon situation analysis, data generated from sensors, and maneuvers detectors. In addition, it also alerts drivers when a driving situation that has high probability to cause unsafe maneuver to be detected. This model then is used to design a system, which can raise drivers awareness and prevent unsafe driving maneuvers
Silent, Unsafe...and Underestimated?. Exploring the relationships between life stress and safety issues among spanish drivers
Almost all the recent studies addressing road safety from the approach of human factors agree that stress is one of the most considerable (but underestimated) threats for safe driving. However, evidence on the relationship between stressful life events and driver performance remains scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess life stress-related perceptions of Spanish drivers, as well as exploring their relationships with self-reported driving performance, decision-making and other road safety-related issues. Methods: This cross-sectional research analysed the information gathered from a nationwide sample of n=840 Spanish drivers responding to an electronic survey on psychosocial issues, stress-related factors and driving issues. The results show that a high percentage (75%) consider that stress may impair their driving performance, while 76.9% of drivers report having experienced at least one major stressful life event during the last year. Despite this relatively high awareness of the negative role of stress and its associated factors for driving safety, this study found that drivers tend to 'ignore the alarm signals', as they often reported keeping driving, even when noticing their driving fitness and performance might be impaired by stress-related factors. This study highlights the need to create and apply interventions aimed at informing and training drivers to identify, manage and cope with stress from different spheres, including stressful life events, as a means of potentially improving their driving safety habits and outcome
Security Implications of Fog Computing on the Internet of Things
Recently, the use of IoT devices and sensors has been rapidly increased which
also caused data generation (information and logs), bandwidth usage, and
related phenomena to be increased. To our best knowledge, a standard definition
for the integration of fog computing with IoT is emerging now. This integration
will bring many opportunities for the researchers, especially while building
cyber-security related solutions. In this study, we surveyed about the
integration of fog computing with IoT and its implications. Our goal was to
find out and emphasize problems, specifically security related problems that
arise with the employment of fog computing by IoT. According to our findings,
although this integration seems to be non-trivial and complicated, it has more
benefits than the implications.Comment: 5 pages, conference paper, to appear in Proceedings of the ICCE 2019,
IEEE 37th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Jan 11-
13, 2019, Las Vegas, NV, US
Chitosan-zinc oxide composite for active food packaging Applications
Chitosan-zinc oxide (C-ZnO) films were prepared by a simple one pot procedure. In order to investigate the property of C-ZnO films, two composite films were prepared by varying the loading of ZnO and compared with pure chitosan film (C). The films were character-ized by various techniques such as FTIR, DSC, tensile, contact angle and water vapour permeability. FTIR analysis showed changes in hydrogen bonds band at 3351 cm-1 compared to pure chitosan film. The incorporation of ZnO in chitosan films increased the contact angle by 30.5% in C-ZnO1.0 film while water vapour transmission rate decreased by 7.8% compared to C film. From the tensile test, C-ZnO0.5 and C-ZnO1.0 films were found to be much superior by 1.5 times and 2.5 times respectively compared to bare chitosan film. Larger inhibition ring (by 47%) was exhibited by C-ZnO1.0 as compared to C-ZnO0.5 when tested against S.aureus. From the results, it is displayed that the incorporation of zinc oxide to chitosan improve their properties which also shown the potential to become a candi-date for food active packaging
Recommended from our members
Unconstrained design: improving multitasking with in-vehicle information systems through enhanced situation awareness
In the age of information, in-vehicle multitasking is inevitable. The popularity of the automobile in combination with the demands of everyday life presents a demand to do more than simply focus on the road. Situation Awareness (SA) is a theory that allows designers to understand how operators interact in dynamic, complex environments. Unconstrained Design is proposed as a way of enhancing multitasking performance in-vehicle. This paper presents an experimental investigation into human-machine interface concepts that aim to support drivers to multitask in-vehicle when frequent task switching is required. Two SA-based approaches were investigated, one which focussed on supporting preparation for a Non-Driving Related Activity (NDRA), and one which focussed on supporting the Driving Related Activity (DRA) when an NDRA is active. While multitasking, Contextual Cueing, using a Head-up Display, produced significant reductions in NDRA response time while an auditory lane keeping aid increased the amount of time a driver spent in the central region of a lane. This provides evidence to suggest that using SA and Unconstrained Design as a philosophy for the design of IVIS that supports driversโ ability to multitask in-vehicle, could lead to task performance improvements.Jaguar Land Rove
'ํ์น์'์ ๊ด์ ์ ์๊ฐ, ์์น ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ UI ๋์์ธ ํ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ ๋์์ธํ๋ถ ๋์์ธ์ ๊ณต,2019. 8. ์ ์์ฒ .One important design issue is the examination of how the user
interface (UI) supports the new user role in future mobility. However, there
are few design studies on the passengers cognitive needs and behavior in
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) based on empirical data. There is no doubt that
autonomous mobility technologies are growing. The technology is already
aiding the driving experience, and it will change the mobility culture and the
transition of driver into passenger. This study is based on the premise that
future AV is capable of performing all driving tasks. It proposes a set of
passenger-centered automotive cluster UI designs for future mobility
employing two factors: time and path. A set of empirical data is provided to
understand the passengers perspective.
In this study, a solid set of empirical data on the cognitive needs of
passengers is collected. Human cognitive characteristics and driving tasks are
investigated from various viewpoints to understand the passengers
iii
perspective. The cognitive relationship in the driving environment is analyzed
through a literature review on situation awareness (SA) and structuring of the
data flow framework. The framework is further explored by connecting the
technological role transformation to the passenger. To construct the empirical
database on the passenger, three sets of user tests and in-depth interviews
were undertaken. The user tests were designed employing the Wizard of Oz
method, and the results were summarized using descriptive and exploratory
analysis. Based on these insights, a set of UI designs from the perspective of
the passenger was proposed, and usability tests were conducted to verify its
effectiveness and usability.
The results of the tests demonstrate that a major percentage of the
information request was related to time (current time and duration) and path
(vehicle location and surroundings). Based on the data, a UI framework was
built. Two usage scenarios were designed, time-full and time-less, for better
in-situation comprehension. Time- and path-based UI were proposed to flow
with the scenarios. A usability test was conducted, and a passengers
cognitive framework was defined. There are two aspects to this study: the
data flow frameworks of the driver/passenger, and the UI design proposal.
Situational precision from the perspective of the driver was analyzed to
understand the relationship between the user, the vehicle and the road
conditions. Further, the cognitive framework of the passenger was proposed
based on the data.
This study provides a solid understanding of drivers emerging needs
when they are relieved of the cognitive burden of driving tasks. The UI
features for AV are introduced based on the empirical data and research
related to the provision of better situation awareness, focusing on time and
location. This study contributes to the extant literature by observing the
iv
perspective of passengers in Autonomous vehicles based on a qualitative
study. The proposed UI design will be further explored as a communication
method between the system and the passive user in future mobility.์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๊ฐ (UI) ๋ฏธ๋ ์ด๋์ฑ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ญํ ์
์ง์งํ๋ ๋์์ธ ๋์ถ์ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ด๋์ฑ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ค์ํ ๋์์ธ ์ด์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋
์ฌ์ฉ์ ์คํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์์จ์ฃผํ์ฐจ๋ (AV) ์ ํ์น์์ธ์ง ์๊ตฌ์ ํ๋์ ๋ํ
๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์์จ์ฃผํ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์์ญ์ ์ ์ฐจ ๋์ด์ง๊ณ
์๋ค. ํด๋น ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฏธ๋
์ด๋๋ฌธํ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ญํ ์ '์ด์ ์'์์ 'ํ์น์'๋ก ๋ณํํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋
์์จ์ฃผํ์ฐจ๋์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ด์ ์ํฉ์ ๋์ฒํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์
์คํ์ ํตํด ํ์น์์ ๊ด์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ ์งํํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋
๋ชจ๋น๋ฆฌํฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ์๋ ๋์์ธ์ ์ด์ ์
์ค์ฌ์ ์ํฉ์ธ์ง์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ํ์น์ ์ค์ฌ ์ธ์ง ์ ๋ณด ์์๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๊ณ , ์๊ฐ๊ณผ
๊ฒฝ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ UI ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ํ์น์์ ์ธ์ง ์ ๋ณด ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ์คํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ
์์งํ์๋ค. ํ์น์์ ๊ด์ ์ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ง์ ํน์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ํ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๊ณ , ์ํฉ์ธ์ง (SA) ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ
ํ๋ ์์ํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด์ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ธ์ง์ ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ
๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ ์๋ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ ์๊ฐ ํ์น์๋ก
๋ณํ๋์์ ๋ ์ด์ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐํํ์ฌ
์ฌ์ธต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ตฌ๋์๋ค. ํ์น์์ ์ธ์ง ๋์ฆ ๋ํ ์คํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ
์์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด 3 ์ธํธ์ ์ ์ ํ
์คํธ์ ์ฌ์ธต ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ ์
ํ
์คํธ๋ Wizard of Oz ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ค๊ณ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ง์
์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋ถ์๋์๋ค. ์คํ์ ํตํด ์ป์ ์ธ์ฌ์ดํธ๋ฅผ
๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ์น์ ๊ด์ ์์ UI ๋์์ธ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ์ฑ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํจ์จ์ฑ๊ณผ
์ ์ฉ์ฑ์ 5 ์ ๋ฆฌ ์ปคํธ ์ค์ผ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ฒ์ฆํ์๋ค.
์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ์น์๊ฐ ์์ฒญํ ์ธ์ง ์ ๋ณด๋ ์๊ฐ (ํ์ฌ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ
๊ธฐ๊ฐ)๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๋ก (์ฐจ๋ ์์น ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ ํ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ง์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด์
๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก UI ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์๋ค. ์ํฉ ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ก๋ฅผ
์ ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ง time-full ๊ณผ time-less ์ ์ฌ์ฉ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ณ ,
์ ์๋ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ UI ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ ์๋ UI ์
๋ํ ์ฌ์ฉ์ฑ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์๊ณ , ํ์น์ ๊ด์ ์์์ ์ด์ ์ํฉ ์ธ์ง ์ํฌ
ํ๋ ์์ ์์ฑํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋๋
์ด์ ์ / ํ์น์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋ก์ฐ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋
ํ์น์์ ๊ด์ ์ ์ง์งํ๋ UI ๋์์ธ ์ ์์ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์์ ๊ด์ ์์์ ์ด์
์ํฉ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ์, ์ฐจ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ก ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํํ์๊ณ ,
์ด๋ ํ์น์์ธ์ง ํ๋ก์ฐ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋ก์จ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์ ํ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ํ๋ ์ธ์ง ๋ถ๋ด์์
๋ฒ์ด๋ฌ์ ๋์ ์ด์ ์๊ฐ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ ๋ณตํฉ์ ์ธ ๋์ฆ์ ๋ํด ๊ด์ฐฐํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋
๋ชจ๋น๋ฆฌํฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํฉํ UI ์ ๋์์ธ ์์์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๋
์์จ์ฃผํ์ฐจ๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์คํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์
๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฃจํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์ฌ ํฅ์๋ ์ํฉ ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋์๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ์์จ
์ฐจ๋์ ํ์น์ ๊ด์ ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ธฐ์กด ์์จ์ฃผํ์ด ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ
๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์๋ UI ๋์์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ด๋ ์ฑ์์์ ์์คํ
๊ณผ ํ์น์ ๊ฐ์
์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... II
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... ๏ผ
1.1. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................๏ผ
1.2. PURPOSE .....................................................................................................................๏ผ
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION.....................................................................................................๏ผ
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
2.1. SITATION AWARENESS (SA) ........................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
2.2. HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL..................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
2.3. DRIVING SITUATION AWARENESS AND PERSPECTIVE.........................................................๏ผ๏ผ
2.4. DRIVING TASK AND SENSORY INTERACTION ....................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
CHAPTER 3. COGNITIVE NEEDS IN AUTONOMOUS.....................................................๏ผ๏ผ
3.1. DRIVING BEHAVIOR TRANSFORMATION AND CLUSTER UI..................................................๏ผ๏ผ
3.2. COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK TRANSFORMATION ..................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
CHAPTER 4. USER TESTS ............................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.1. WIZARD OF OZ PROTOTYPING .....................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.2. PILOT TEST 1............................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.1. Experiment Design & Laboratory Setting.................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.2. Persona Scenario & Task Design ..............................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.3. Preparation of Driving situation...............................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.4. Procedure.................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.2.5. Data Analysis & Insight............................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.3. PILOT TEST 2............................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.3.1. Amendment: Experiment Design & Laboratory Setting ...........................๏ผ๏ผ
4.3.2. Amendment: Task Scenario & Command Cue..........................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.3.3. Amendment: Perform Role and preparation of driving situation ............๏ผ๏ผ
4.3.4. Amendment: Procedure ...........................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.3.5. Data Analysis & Insight............................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.4. MAIN TEST ..............................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.4.1. Experiment Design & Laboratory setting .................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.4.2. Task Design ..............................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.4.3. Procedure.................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
4.4.4. Result Analysis & Insight..........................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
CHAPTER 5. UI CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT...................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
5.1. UI DESIGN METHOD..................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
5.2. DESIGN PROPOSAL ....................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
5.3. USER SCENARIOS ......................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
5.3.1 Scenario 1. Time-less: Late for a morning meeting..................................๏ผ๏ผ
5.3.2 Scenario 2.Time-full: Leisure driving on weekends ..................................๏ผ๏ผ
CHAPTER 6. USABILITY TEST ......................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
6.1. USABILITY TEST GUIDE ...............................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ
6.2. ASSESSMENT USABILITY TEST ..................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
6.2.1 Test planning........................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
6.2.2 Laboratory setting................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
6.2.3 Test conduct and debriefing.................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
6.3. RESULT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION......................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 1...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 2...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 3...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 4...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 5...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 6...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
APPENDIX 7...........................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก ............................................................................................................๏ผ๏ผ๏ผMaste
The effect of a secondary task on driversโ gap acceptance and situational awareness at junctions
The current studies explored the roles of the visuospatial and phonological working memory subsystems on driversโ gap acceptance and memory for approaching vehicles at junctions. Driversโ behaviour was measured in a high-fidelity driving simulator when at a junction, with, and without a visuospatial or phonological load. When asked to judge when to advance across the junction, gap acceptance thresholds, memory for vehicles and eye movements were not different when there was a secondary task compared to control. However, driversโ secondary task performance was more impaired in the visuospatial than phonological domain. These findings suggest that drivers were able to accept impairment in the secondary task while maintaining appropriate safety margins and situational awareness. These findings can inform the development of in-car technologies, improving the safety of road users at junctions.
Practitioner summary: Despite research indicating that concurrent performance on working memory tasks impairs driving, a matched visuospatial or phonological memory load did not change driversโ gap acceptance or situational awareness at junctions. Drivers displayed appropriate compensatory behaviour by prioritising the driving task over the visuospatial secondary task.
Abbreviations: ROW: right of way; RIG: random time interval generatio
How to keep drivers engaged while supervising driving automation? A literature survey and categorization of six solution areas
This work aimed to organise recommendations for keeping people engaged during human supervision of driving automation, encouraging a safe and acceptable introduction of automated driving systems. First, heuristic knowledge of human factors, ergonomics, and psychological theory was used to propose solution areas to human supervisory control problems of sustained attention. Driving and non-driving research examples were drawn to substantiate the solution areas. Automotive manufacturers might (1) avoid this supervisory role altogether, (2) reduce it in objective ways or (3) alter its subjective experiences, (4) utilize conditioning learning principles such as with gamification and/or selection/training techniques, (5) support internal driver cognitive processes and mental models and/or (6) leverage externally situated information regarding relations between the driver, the driving task, and the driving environment. Second, a cross-domain literature survey of influential human-automation interaction research was conducted for how to keep engagement/attention in supervisory control. The solution areas (via numeric theme codes) were found to be reliably applied from independent rater categorisations of research recommendations. Areas (5) and (6) were addressed by around 70% or more of the studies, areas (2) and (4) in around 50% of the studies, and areas (3) and (1) in less than around 20% and 5%, respectively. The present contribution offers a guiding organisational framework towards improving human attention while supervising driving automation.submittedVersio
The โfrontal lobeโ project: A double-blind, randomized controlled study of the effectiveness of higher level driving skills training to improve frontal lobe (executive) function related driving performance in young drivers
The current study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effectiveness of higher level skills training on safe driving behaviour of 36 teenage drivers. The participants, who attended the Driver Training Research camp in Taupo (NZ) over a two week period, were 16 to 17 years old and had a valid restricted driver licence. The study focused on four main aims. Firstly, the behavioural characteristics of the sample and their attitudes to risk taking and driving were examined. Results showed that speeding was the most anticipated driving violation, and high levels of confidence were associated with a higher number of crashes and a greater propensity for risk taking. Many, often male participants, also rated their driving skills as superior to others and thought they would be less likely than others to be involved in an accident. Secondly, the relationship between driving performance and executive functioning, general ability and sustained attention was evaluated. Overall, better driving performance and more accurate self-evaluation of driving performance was related to higher levels of executive functions, in particular, working memory, and
cognitive switching. In addition, higher general ability and greater ability to sustain attention were also linked to better performance on the driving related assessments. The third focus of this study was to compare the effects of both, higher level and vehicle handling skills training on driving performance, confidence levels and
attitudes to risk. While both types of training improved direction control, speed
choice and visual search, along with number of hazards detected and actions in relation to hazards, statistically significant improvement on visual search was seen only after higher level skills training. Vehicle handling skills training significantly improved direction control and speed choice. In addition, confidence levels in their driving skills were significantly lowered and attitudes to speeding, overtaking and
close following had improved significantly in the participants after the higher level
driving skills training. The final aspect to this study was to examine the effects of the
training over the following 6 month period based on self-reported driving behaviour.
The response rate of participants however, was not sufficient to reach any meaningful conclusion on any long-term training effects. A pilot study using GPSbased data trackers to assess post-training driving behaviour revealed some promising results for future driver training evaluation studies. The overall implications of the results are discussed in relation to improving the safety of young
drivers in New Zealand
- โฆ