Corporatising water and wastewater services in Scotland : governance, regulation and operations

Originally submitted March 2016.This thesis examines the provision of Scotland's Water and Wastewater Services (WWS) and considers how regulation, governance and operations have changed since the turn of the century. The adoption and implementation of a policy framework which affords a key role to private sector participation in a formally public utility is a central focus of this thesis. The analysis developed below of the politics of water locates the Scottish case firmly within wider global processes: this involves studying the transmission of policy ideas from supra-national agencies to the Scottish national level, and the actors within these policy networks. Neoliberal globalisation provides some of the conceptual framing of this research, and the empirical substance of the thesis is drawn from fieldwork conducted at the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), UK and Scottish levels. The research argues that the increasing corporatisation of WWS in Scotland observed over the span of this research is possible due to a specific configuration of structures and agents. EU directives, devolution and marketisation provide some of the structural conditions for water policy making. Epistemic water communities, comprising think tanks, policy entrepreneurs and regulators are key agents identified in this research promoting corporatisation. This thesis argues that corporatisation is steadily eroding the public nature of Scotland's water system.This thesis examines the provision of Scotland's Water and Wastewater Services (WWS) and considers how regulation, governance and operations have changed since the turn of the century. The adoption and implementation of a policy framework which affords a key role to private sector participation in a formally public utility is a central focus of this thesis. The analysis developed below of the politics of water locates the Scottish case firmly within wider global processes: this involves studying the transmission of policy ideas from supra-national agencies to the Scottish national level, and the actors within these policy networks. Neoliberal globalisation provides some of the conceptual framing of this research, and the empirical substance of the thesis is drawn from fieldwork conducted at the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), UK and Scottish levels. The research argues that the increasing corporatisation of WWS in Scotland observed over the span of this research is possible due to a specific configuration of structures and agents. EU directives, devolution and marketisation provide some of the structural conditions for water policy making. Epistemic water communities, comprising think tanks, policy entrepreneurs and regulators are key agents identified in this research promoting corporatisation. This thesis argues that corporatisation is steadily eroding the public nature of Scotland's water system

Democracy in action: A case study of InternetforEveryone.org

In this research, I investigated the process by which a media reform organization involves the public in informing media policy. Through a case study I examined the InternetforEveryone.org initiative of the media reform organization Free Press, and the democratic development of media policy, specifically the framework for a national broadband plan. I performed my research within the larger framework of the United States democracy. For that reason, I investigate the democratic values and practices of the initiative. To inform my research, I engaged in multiple forms of ethnographic methods, including participant observations, open-ended in-depth interviews, and examination of internal and external documents. I analyzed my findings according to the initiative’s goals, strategies, and tactics and framed them within resource mobilization theory (RMT). My findings reveal the initiative’s operations support the basic tenets of RMT. I also found that the initiative was operating in a democratic manner on three levels. Their primary goal and the manner in which they engaged the public and their coalition members were all democratically significant. In addition, I call attention to the role of public sociology in civil society. As an intern at Free Press, I had the opportunity to engage in public sociology with policy implications. I reflect on this experience and the tension between being a public sociologist and working in the field. Lastly, I recommend further research into the successful adoption rates of policy recommendations developed through deliberative town hall models such as InternetforEveryone.org’s. I also recommend further research into the effect the Internet in general, and the use of social networking sites specifically, is having on modern organizing

’Pentagon Ju-Jitsu' - reshaping the field of propaganda

This article presents qualitative research examining adaptation to global asymmetric threats and a modern media environment of US Government propaganda systems by planners following 9-11, which proceeded largely unhindered by public debate. It draws on interviews with US elite sources including foreign policy, defense and intelligence personnel and documentary sources to explore how dissent was contained. A ‘merging’ of Psychological Operations and Public Affairs has been identified as a point of concern elsewhere and is argued to have facilitated the extension of US hegemony. It will present an account of the struggles between 2005 and 2009 when planners sought to alter ‘foreign’ and ‘domestic’ audience targeting norms that emerged in an old-media system of sovereign states with more stable populations. It focuses on a key example of transformation: the pressing through of internet policy changes for military Psychological Operations and Public Affairs, against resistance. Policies were brought in to coordinate and overcome discordance in foreign-domestic messaging by Psychological Operations and Information Operations personnel. Viewed as operational necessity for Psychological Operations, these resulted in a ‘terf war’ with Public Affairs who constructed a defense using discourses of legitimacy and credibility with domestic audiences. This article will show how concerns raised by Public Affairs were met by the reduction of their planning role, until a culture change and new orthodoxy emerged. Challenges raised by evolving media demand a reappraisal of propaganda governance and governments must allow greater transparency for public debate, legal judgement and independent academic enquiry to occur

Policy and institutional enablers of public–private partnerships in the electricity sector in Uganda: a multi-level and path dependence perspective

Purpose: This paper explains the evident disproportionality in the levels of adoption of the modality of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda by tracing the peculiar preconditions and enablers of the model's relative high adoption in the electricity sector. Design/methodology/approach: Key conceptual suggestions from historical institutionalism (HI), critical juncture and path dependence are used to orient the data collection and analysis. The direct experiences and perceptions of key informants involved in policy, regulation and operations in the electricity sector are thematically analyzed. Findings: The primacy of specific policy, institutional decisions and actions sequentially undertaken at the international, national and sectorial levels in shaping the conceivability and possibility of PPP modality is foregrounded. In particular, international advisory for the changed role of the state and the government's subsequent decision to enact and reenact specific institutional frameworks at the national and sectorial levels created important disruptions to the status quo and paved a new and relatively stable institutional path conducive for private sector participation. Research limitations/implications: Theoretically, the paper demonstrates the ability and power of HI to support the exploration and framing of multilevel and path-dependent explanations of institutional development and policy adoption. Practically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-making Practical implications: Practically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-making. Originality/value: The importance of considering factor combinations and sequences in explaining the emergence, adoption and proliferation of public policy instruments and phenomena is underscored. In addition, the discourse on PPPs is moved beyond rationalization on how to even out their adoption (and subsequently the associated benefits) across sectors

Considering the ‘Illogical Patchwork’: The Broadcasting Board of Governors & U.S. International Broadcasting

At its December 2012 board meeting, members of the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) announced that they needed more time to consider a plan that would create a single executive responsible for day-to-day operations of the organization responsible for overseeing U.S. government-supported international broadcasting efforts. Operating with a budget of more than $700 million and producing content in more than 50 languages, the Broadcasting Board of Governors qualifies as one of the world’s largest international news organizations. Using discussions about the need for reorganization of the BBG’s management structure as impetus, this article discusses the role of the Broadcasting Board of Governors in American public diplomacy efforts and considers its accompanying responsibilities as a large, media management organization. Noting a dearth of academic and policy-oriented research focused on the BBG, this article seeks to provide a foundation for future discussion of issues surrounding its leadership, its performance and its future