Comprehension strategies used by the Islamic senior high school students during shadow reading

Abstract This research aims at finding out comprehension strategies used by the students during shadow reading. This research is qualitative research with classroom observation. This research is based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory that involves scaffolding and zone of proximal development (ZPD). The data is analyzed through problem-solving as comprehension analysis. The comprehension strategies are focused on three aspects of reading namely phonological processing, word recognition, and syntactical processing. This research is restricted to the interactional phase of shadow reading and focused during reading only. The result shows that from those three focuses, there are six comprehension strategies. In the phonological processing, there are repairing incorrect utterance of partner and dividing a word into manageable sound. In the word recognition, there are implicitly asking for repetition to complete the task and giving repetition for incorrect word. In the syntactical processing, there are modifying input in manageable repetition and explicitly requesting repetition to complete the task. Those strategies help the shadower to complete the task. Thus, they can reach ZPD

The Total Takings Myth

For almost thirty-five years, the U.S. Supreme Court has attempted to carve out a total takings doctrine within its regulatory takings jurisprudence. Most regulatory takings claims are evaluated under the “ad hoc” threefactor test first articulated in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York. Exceedingly few of these claims are successful. But the Court has identified certain categories of government actions that are compensable takings per se, otherwise known as total takings. This began in 1982 with Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., where the Court held that a land use ordinance requiring a landowner to endure a permanent physical occupation of a portion of her property is always a compensable taking. Ten years later, in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, the Court held that a land use restriction depriving an owner of all economically viable use of her property is also compensable per se. Finally, in 2015, in Horne v. Department of Agriculture, the Court extended its total takings jurisprudence to personal property, announcing that the government appropriation of personal property is a per se compensable taking. Although the Court has had more than three decades to articulate theoretical justifications for its total takings jurisprudence and to provide guidance for lower courts in determining when a regulation constitutes a total taking, it has failed to do so. This failure reflects the underlying reality that the total takings doctrine is a myth. More particularly, the categories that the Court has identified as constituting total takings are analytically incoherent, and the terms the Court has used to demarcate total takings from regulations that are not per se compensable cannot be applied in the real world. As a result, lower courts struggle to apply the total takings doctrine and the case law remains in utter disarray. In fact, lower courts have resorted to creating “shadow” total takings doctrines that rely on obvious distortions of the plain meaning of outcome-determinative terms and deflect attention from the fundamental question of whether compensation is warranted. This Article argues that the Court’s attempt to create a total takings doctrine has failed, and that the Court should repudiate it. It demonstrates that the Court’s initial total takings opinions were conceptually incoherent and woefully undertheorized. And it shows that attempts by lower courts to rehabilitate the doctrine by crystallizing the bright-line rules through careful and consistent application were doomed to, and did, fail. This Article also explains why the entire enterprise was misguided from the start. Although bright-line rules have their place, it is not in the heart of regulatory takings doctrine, which is premised on concerns for fairness and justice in distributing the burdens of land use regulation. Last term, the Court had a perfect opportunity to begin the process of repudiating the total takings myth. Murr v. Wisconsin was a run-of-the-mill regulatory takings case masquerading as a Lucas-type total takings claim, and it presented the Court with a vehicle to either remedy the central doctrinal incoherence of Lucas’s bright-line rule or to overrule Lucas and turn its attention to the much needed task of clarifying and refining the Penn Central test. Instead, by offering a new multifactored test in a sort of regulatory takings “step zero,” the Court in Murr merely exacerbated the core flaws of the Lucas bright-line rule. Now, more than ever, it is imperative that the Court recognize and begin to dismantle the total takings myth

The paradigm of the area law and the structure of transversal and longitudinal lightfront degrees of freedom

It is shown that an algebraically defined holographic projection of a QFT onto the lightfront changes the local quantum properties in a very drastic way. The expected ubiquitous vacuum polarization characteristic of QFT is confined to the lightray (longitudinal) direction, whereas operators whose localization is transversely separated are completely free of vacuum correlations. This unexpected ''transverse return to QM'' combined with the rather universal nature of the strongly longitudinal correlated vacuum correlations (which turn out to be described by rather kinematical chiral theories) leads to a d-2 dimensional area structure of the d-1 dimensional lightfront theory. An additive transcription in terms of an appropriately defined entropy related to the vacuum restricted to the horizon is proposed and its model independent universality aspects which permit its interpretation as a quantum candidate for Bekenstein's area law are discussed. The transverse tensor product foliation structure of lightfront degrees of freedom is essential for the simplifying aspects of the algebraic lightcone holography. Key-words: Quantum field theory; Mathematical physics, Quantum gravityComment: 16 pages latex, identical to version published in JPA: Math. Gen. 35 (2002) 9165-918

Synthetic Data and Artificial Neural Networks for Natural Scene Text Recognition

In this work we present a framework for the recognition of natural scene text. Our framework does not require any human-labelled data, and performs word recognition on the whole image holistically, departing from the character based recognition systems of the past. The deep neural network models at the centre of this framework are trained solely on data produced by a synthetic text generation engine -- synthetic data that is highly realistic and sufficient to replace real data, giving us infinite amounts of training data. This excess of data exposes new possibilities for word recognition models, and here we consider three models, each one "reading" words in a different way: via 90k-way dictionary encoding, character sequence encoding, and bag-of-N-grams encoding. In the scenarios of language based and completely unconstrained text recognition we greatly improve upon state-of-the-art performance on standard datasets, using our fast, simple machinery and requiring zero data-acquisition costs