The Recovery of Weak Impulsive Signals Based on Stochastic Resonance and Moving Least Squares Fitting

In this paper a stochastic resonance (SR)-based method for recovering weak impulsive signals is developed for quantitative diagnosis of faults in rotating machinery. It was shown in theory that weak impulsive signals follow the mechanism of SR, but the SR produces a nonlinear distortion of the shape of the impulsive signal. To eliminate the distortion a moving least squares fitting method is introduced to reconstruct the signal from the output of the SR process. This proposed method is verified by comparing its detection results with that of a morphological filter based on both simulated and experimental signals. The experimental results show that the background noise is suppressed effectively and the key features of impulsive signals are reconstructed with a good degree of accuracy, which leads to an accurate diagnosis of faults in roller bearings in a run-to failure test

Fault zone damage, nonlinear site response, and dynamic triggering associated with seismic waves

My dissertation focuses primarily on the following three aspects associated with passing seismic waves in the field of earthquake seismology: temporal changes of fault zone properties, nonlinear site response, and dynamic triggering. Quantifying the temporal changes of material properties within and around active fault zones (FZ) is important for better understanding of rock rheology and estimating the strong ground motion that can be generated by large earthquakes. As high-amplitude seismic waves propagate through damaged FZ rocks and/or shallow surface layers, they may produce additional damage leading to nonlinear wave propagation effects and temporal changes of material properties (e.g., seismic velocity, attenuation). Previous studies have found several types of temporal changes in material properties with time scales of tens of seconds to several years. Here I systematically analyze temporal changes of fault zone (FZ) site response along the Karadere-Düzce branch of the North Anatolian fault that ruptured during the 1999 İzmit and Düzce earthquake sequences. The coseismic changes are on the order of 20-40%, and are followed by a logarithmic recovery over an apparent time scale of ~1 day. These results provide a bridge between the large-amplitude near-instantaneous changes and the lower-amplitude longer-duration variations observed in previous studies. The temporal changes measured from this high-resolution spectral ratio analysis also provide a refinement for the beginning of the longer more gradual process typically observed by analyzing repeating earthquakes. An improved knowledge on nonlinear site response is critical for better understanding strong ground motions and predicting shaking induced damages. I use the same sliding-window spectral ratio technique to analyze temporal changes in site response associated with the strong ground motion of the Mw6.6 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake sequence recorded by the borehole stations in Japanese Digital Strong-Motion Seismograph Network (KiK-Net). The coseismic peak frequency drop, peak spectral ratio drop, and the postseismic recovery time roughly scale with the input ground motions when the peak ground velocity (PGV) is larger than ~5 cm/s, or the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is larger than ~100 Gal. The results suggest that at a given site the input ground motion plays an important role in controlling both the coseismic change and postseismic recovery in site response. In a follow-up study, I apply the same sliding-window spectral ratio technique to surface and borehole strong motion records at 6 KiK-Net sites, and stack results associated with different earthquakes that produce similar PGAs. In some cases I observe a weak coseismic drop in the peak frequency when the PGA is as small as ~20-30 Gal, and near instantaneous recovery after the passage of the direct S waves. The percentage of drop in the peak frequency starts to increase with increasing PGA values. A coseismic drop in the peak spectral ratio is also observed at 2 sites. When the PGA is larger than ~60 Gal to more than 100 Gal, considerably stronger coseismic drops of the peak frequencies are observed, followed by a logarithmic recovery with time. The observed weak reductions of peak frequencies with near instantaneous recovery likely reflect nonlinear response with essentially fixed level of damage, while the larger drops followed by logarithmic recovery reflect the generation (and then recovery) of additional rock damage. The results indicate clearly that nonlinear site response may occur during medium-size earthquakes, and that the PGA threshold for in situ nonlinear site response is lower than the previously thought value of ~100-200 Gal. The recent Mw9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake and its aftershocks generated widespread strong shakings as large as ~3000 Gal along the east coast of Japan. I systematically analyze temporal changes of material properties and nonlinear site response in the shallow crust associated with the Tohoku main shock, using seismic data recorded by the Japanese Strong Motion Network KIK-Net. I compute the spectral ratios of windowed records from a pair of surface and borehole stations, and then use the sliding-window spectral ratios to track the temporal changes in the site response of various sites at different levels of PGA The preliminary results show clear drop of resonant frequency of up to 70% during the Tohoku main shock at 6 sites with PGA from 600 to 1300 Gal. In the site MYGH04 where two distinct groups of strong ground motions were recorded, the resonant frequency briefly recovers in between, and then followed by an apparent logarithmic recovery. I investigate the percentage drop of peak frequency and peak spectral ratio during the Tohoku main shock at different PGA levels, and find that at most sites they are correlated. The third part of my thesis mostly focuses on how seismic waves trigger additional earthquakes at long-range distance, also known as dynamic triggering. Previous studies have shown that dynamic triggering in intraplate regions is typically not as common as at plate-boundary regions. Here I perform a comprehensive analysis of dynamic triggering around the Babaoshan and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying faults southwest of Beijing, China. The triggered earthquakes are identified as impulsive seismic arrivals with clear P- and S-waves in 5 Hz high-pass-filtered three-component velocity seismograms during the passage of large amplitude body and surface waves of large teleseismic earthquakes. I find that this region was repeatedly triggered by at least four earthquakes in East Asia, including the 2001 Mw7.8 Kunlun, 2003 Mw8.3 Tokachi-oki, 2004 Mw9.2 Sumatra, and 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquakes. In most instances, the microearthquakes coincide with the first few cycles of the Love waves, and more are triggered during the large-amplitude Rayleigh waves. Such an instantaneous triggering by both the Love and Rayleigh waves is similar to recent observations of remotely triggered 'non-volcanic' tremor along major plate-boundary faults, and can be explained by a simple Coulomb failure criterion. Five earthquakes triggered by the Kunlun and Tokachi-oki earthquakes were recorded by multiple stations and could be located. These events occurred at shallow depth (< 5 km) above the background seismicity near the boundary between NW-striking Babaoshan and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying faults and the Fangshan Pluton. These results suggest that triggered earthquakes in this region likely occur near the transition between the velocity strengthening and weakening zones in the top few kms of the crust, and are likely driven by relatively large dynamic stresses on the order of few tens of KPa.Ph.D.Committee Chair: Peng, Zhigang; Committee Member: Assimaki, Dominic; Committee Member: Dufek, Josef; Committee Member: Newman, Andrew; Committee Member: Sabra, Kari

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy

The thirteenth meeting in a long-standing series of “Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy” (TRVS) conferences was held May 19th to 25th at the Kardinal Döpfner Haus in Freising, Germany, organized by the two Munich Universities - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Technische Universität München. This international conference continues the illustrious tradition of the original in 1982, which took place in Lake Placid, NY. The series of meetings was initiated by leading, world-renowned experts in the field of ultrafast laser spectroscopy, and is still guided by its founder, Prof. George Atkinson (University of Arizona and Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary of State). In its current format, the conference contributes to traditional areas of time resolved vibrational spectroscopies including infrared, Raman and related laser methods. It combines them with the most recent developments to gain new information for research and novel technical applications. The scientific program addressed basic science, applied research and advancing novel commercial applications. The thirteenth conference on Time Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy promoted science in the areas of physics, chemistry and biology with a strong focus on biochemistry and material science. Vibrational spectra are molecule- and bond-specific. Thus, time-resolved vibrational studies provide detailed structural and kinetic information about primary dynamical processes on the picometer length scale. From this perspective, the goal of achieving a complete understanding of complex chemical and physical processes on the molecular level is well pursued by the recent progress in experimental and theoretical vibrational studies. These proceedings collect research papers presented at the TRVS XIII in Freising, German

Ultrafast structural dynamics in electronically excited many-body systems

This thesis reports on results of three different experiments of photo-induced structural dynamics in the condensed phase, investigated by time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy with femtosecond time-resolution. In the first part, we address the ultrafast dynamics of a quantum solid : crystalline hydrogen. This is accomplished by optical excitation of a dopant molecule, Nitric Oxide (NO), to a large orbital Rydberg state, which leads to a bubble-like expansion of the species surrounding the impurity. The dynamics is directly inferred from the time-resolved data, and compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. We report the presence of three time-scales in the structural relaxation mechanism: the first 200 fs are associated with the ultrafast inertial expansion of the first shell of lattice neighbors of NO. During the successive 0.6 ps, as the interactions between the molecules of the first and of the successive shells increase, we observe a progressive slowing-down of the bubble expansion. The third timescale (~ 10 ps) is interpreted as a slow structural re-organization around the impurity center. No differences were observed between the dynamics of normal- and para-hydrogen crystals, justifying the simplified model we use to interpret the data, which ignores all internal degrees of freedom of the host molecules. The molecular dynamics simulations reproduce fairly well the static and dynamic features of the experiment. In line with the measurements, they indicate that the quantum nature of the host medium plays no role in the initial ultrafast expansion of the bubble. In the second part, we present the results of our study on the photo-physics of triangular-shaped silver nanoparticles upon intraband excitation of the conduction electrons. The picosecond dynamics is dominated by periodic shifts of the surface plasmon resonance, associated with the size oscillations of the particles, triggered by impulsive lattice heating by the laser pulse. The oscillation period compares very well with the lowest totally symmetric vibrational frequency of a triangular-plate, which we calculated improving an existing elastodynamic model. We propose an explanation for the unusual phase behavior of the oscillations, based upon the non-spherical shape, and size-inhomogeneity of the sample. Taking into account these effects, we are able to reproduce spectrally and temporally our data. In the last part, we present a comparative study of the ligand dynamics in heme proteins. We studied the photo-induced spectroscopic changes in the ferric CN complexes of Myoglobin and Hemoglobin I upon photo-excitation of the porphyrin ring to a low-lying electronic state (Soret), monitoring the UV-visible region of the Soret band, and the mid-infrared region of the fundamental C=N vibrational stretch. The transient response in the UV-visible spectral region does not depend on the heme pocket environment, and is very similar to that known for ferrous proteins. The infrared data on the MbC=N stretch vibration provides a direct measure for the return of population to the ligated electronic (and vibrational) ground state with a 3 ps time constant. In addition, the CN stretch frequency is sensitive to the excitation of low frequency heme modes, and yields independent information about vibrational cooling, which occurs on the same timescale. The similarity between ferrous and ferric hemes rules out the charge transfer processes commonly invoked to explain the ligand dissociation in the former

Investigations on the properties and estimation of earth response operators from EM sounding data

Incl. 3 reprints at backAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D82993 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical engineering is currently relatively wide scientific area which has been constantly bringing innovations with an objective to support and improve all areas of medicine such as therapy, diagnostics and rehabilitation. It holds a strong position also in natural and biological sciences. In the terms of application, biomedical engineering is present at almost all technical universities where some of them are targeted for the research and development in this area. The presented book brings chosen outputs and results of research and development tasks, often supported by important world or European framework programs or grant agencies. The knowledge and findings from the area of biomaterials, bioelectronics, bioinformatics, biomedical devices and tools or computer support in the processes of diagnostics and therapy are defined in a way that they bring both basic information to a reader and also specific outputs with a possible further use in research and development

7th International Conference on Nonlinear Vibrations, Localization and Energy Transfer: Extended Abstracts

International audienceThe purpose of our conference is more than ever to promote exchange and discussions between scientists from all around the world about the latest research developments in the area of nonlinear vibrations, with a particular emphasis on the concept of nonlinear normal modes and targeted energytransfer

Efficient implementation of envelope analysis on resources limited wireless sensor nodes for accurate bearing fault diagnosis

With the fast development of electronics and wireless communication technologies in recent years, intelligent wireless sensor nodes are becoming increasingly popular in the online machinery condition monitoring systems. They bring a number of benefits, such as reduced investment on the installation and maintenance of expensive communication cables, ease of deployment and upgrading. For the condition monitoring of dynamic signals, distributed computation on wireless sensor nodes is getting popular with wireless sensor nodes becoming more computation powerful and power efficient. As a widely recognised algorithm for bearing fault diagnosis, envelope analysis has been previously proved suitable for being embedded on the wireless sensor nodes to effectively extract fault features from common machinery components such as bearings and gears. As a continuation, this paper studies into several envelope detection methods, including Hilbert transform, spectral correlation, band-pass squared rectifier and short-time RMS. Regarding to the fact that only low frequency components in the bearing envelope is of interest, spectral correlation can be simplified for fast calculation and short-time RMS method can be considered as a simplified band-pass squared rectifier, in which partial aliasing is allowed. Thereafter, spectral correlation and short-time RMS are employed to speed up the calculation of envelope analysis on a wireless sensor node, which thereafter provides the potential to reduce power consumption of wireless sensor nodes. The computation speed comparison shows that the spectral correlation method and short-time RMS can speed up the computation speed by more than two times and five times in comparison with the Hilbert transform method. The simulation study shows that spectral correlation and short-time RMS based methods achieves similar level of accuracy as Hilbert transform. Furthermore, the experimental study shows that spectral correlation and short-time RMS based methods can well reveal the simulated three types of bearing faults while with the computation speed significantly improved