Neither Reasonable nor Necessary: “Amateurism” in Big-Time College Sports

The NCAA and its member schools are a joint venture that fixes the compensation of its most important workers, the athletes, at a level that is substantially below what would otherwise occur in a competitive market. Claims of amateurism and the need for competitive balance obscure the more than $3.5 billion dollars in revenue generated mostly on the backs of those athletes. From the point of view of rule of reason antitrust analysis, the NCAA’s justification for its concerted wage fixing has obvious weaknesses. Recent phenomenal growth in revenue has made the claims of the necessity and reasonableness of concerted action to restrain wages increasingly dubious.amateurism; monopoly; cartel; NCAA; college sports; competitive balance; collusion

Till Death Do Us Part: A Comparative Law Approach to Justifying Lethal Self-Defense by Battered Women

Till death do us part : a comparative law approach to justifying lethal self- defense by battered women. - In: Duke journal of comparative & international law. 1. 1991. S. 169-21

“Reasonableness” and Value Pluralism in Law and Politics

In law, the category of reasonableness, when used in a “strong sense”, is inherently lied up with proportionality, and also with the test of necessity, and thus is a guarantee of a minimal restriction of constitutional rights compatible with the attainment of a given purpose. This approach to the scrutiny of restrictions of constitutional rights carries certain disadvantages because of an unfortunate alignment of the judicial role with the role of legislator, but it also has some great advantages when compared with alternative approaches: it is more transparent when it comes to revealing to the public all the ingredients of the judicial calculus, and most importantly, it reduces the sense of defeat for the losing party. As such, it is consensus-oriented because it acknowledges explicitly that there are valid constitutional arguments on both sides. In turn in political philosophy the notion of reasonableness applies to the determination of the standards of justifications for authoritative decisions so that they can be considered legitimate, i.e. calling for respect even from those subjected to them who do not agree with them on merits. The attractiveness of this idea results from the fact that it combines two enormously popular traditions in democratic theory: those of social contract and of deliberative democracy. So it can be seen that both these conceptions: reasonableness in law and reasonableness in political theory have some obvious commonalities at the level of their deep justifications; both appeal to liberal, egalitarian and consensus-oriented values

Investigating Stops in Alaska: Can Coleman Survive a Multifactored Balance

Globalization and centralization have resulted in prolonged transportation time between producer and consumer, and thus put more demand on the perseveration of a product for longer duration and protect it from oxidation. The presence of oxygen in packages severely foreshortens the storage life as it yield losses of nutrients and allow microbial growth, which can cause changes in smell, taste as well as discoloration. Earlier food and beverage containers were made in inorganic materials e.g. metal and glass, however lately more and more focus have been on synthetic organic materials as these show several advantages, e.g. weight. However, still today most of the commercial packaging materials, organic or inorganic, are not considered to be environmental friendly. Thus, efforts have to be made today in order to invent alternative materials that can make the society of tomorrow more sustainable. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in the world, hence making it desirable to use in “green” packaging applications. Furthermore, cellulose has proven being able to form films with great gas barrier potential under specific conditions. However, cellulose based materials are sensitive to moisture with severely increased oxygen transmission with increased relative humidity as a result; hence it is desired to make cellulose less hygroscopic by chemical modification. First, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with 720 mmol carboxylic groups/g fiber was produced by oxidation of dissolving pulp before homogenization. Thereafter a polymer was synthesized utilizing Initiator A as an initiator at T1 and T2. The polymer synthesized at T1 yielded a polymer with a viscosity average molecular weight of 5770 g/mol.  The polymer was then grafted on the oxidized NFC through a coupling reaction performed in Buffer C using Coupling agent A. The grafting procedure was performed in Buffer C at ambient conditions giving rise to a material composed of 33 wt% synthetic polymer and 67 wt% NFC. The coupling was conducted several times in order to investigate how the final product can be affected by varying reactant feed and dispersion method. Finally, films of NFC and NFC-g-Polymer were manufactured by vacuum filtration from a 0.05 wt% Solvent A dispersion and were evaluated with field emission scanning electron microscopy

Domestic homicide, gender and the expert

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