Can a profession exist without research?

Radiography combines science, technology and patient care to provide an essential role in medical diagnosis and treatment. The term ‘profession’ has existed in the Oxford English Dictionary from the 15th century and argues that a profession is an occupation where professional knowledge is applied by someone who has undertaken prolonged training and obtained a formal qualification (Oxford English Dictionary Online; 2007). For most of history, professions have based their practices on expertise derived from experience passed down in the form of tradition. Even in health care, many practices have still not been justified by evidence and as such there are areas of uncertainty.peer-reviewe

The Language of Ethnic Conflict in English Online Lexicography: Ethnophaulisms in "powered by Oxford" Lexico.com

This article aims to explore the relationship between the language of ethnic conflict (Allen 1983; Palmore 1962) and English online lexicography in the present cultural moment. Given the influence of the Internet on dictionary consulting (Béjoint 2016; Jackson 2017) and the alarming increase of racism and xenophobia, especially online, at the global level in this digital age (see Gagliardone et al. 2015), this article presents a pilot study examining the treatment of "ethnophaulisms" (Roback 1944), commonly referred to as ethnic or racial slurs, in the "powered by Oxford" dictionary content, which is licensed for use to technology giants like Google, Microsoft, and Apple by Oxford University Press (Ferrett and Dollinger 2021; Pettini 2021). In particular, the analysis focuses on the online edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English, as hosted on the "powered by Oxford" Lexico.com website. Preliminary findings show how this free online dictionary mirrors the taboo and discrimina-tory nature of ethnophaulisms and warns the Internet user against the derogatory and offensive power of these words

Middle English preposition "twēn(e)"

The present paper focuses on the Middle English preposition twēn(e) ‘between, among, in between’. The aim of the study is to review the acknowledged etymology of twēn(e) as well as to provide its semantics, dialect distribution, complete textual distribution (record of texts employing twēn(e)), and absolute token frequency. Moreover, all texts including the preposition twēn(e) are subject to an analysis of the whole variety of prepositions meaning ‘between’ and their token frequency in order to establish the proportions of the use of twēn(e) and other discussed prepositions, especially the better established preposition betwēn(e) in texts employing twēn(e). The study is based on such extensive electronic databases as the Middle English Dictionary online, the Oxford English Dictionary online and the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse as well as on a number of complete Middle English texts. The study of the corpus demonstrates the presence of twēn(e) and other prepositions meaning ‘between’ also in texts not listed by the Middle English Dictionary online or the Oxford English Dictionary online under appropriate entries, and thus helps to provide a more complete record of texts and authors utilizing twēn(e) and the extent of use of twēn(e) as compared to other prepositions meaning ‘between’. Moreover, the study demonstrates that also the other discussed prepositions are often not recorded in particular texts by the MED online or the OED online. In more general terms, the paper points out the need for the use of complete texts for the study of historical prepositions

A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles

This is the online edition of A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles, produced by the Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) and published in print in 1996 by Oxford University Press (UK). The original edition has been out of print since 2004, so this is the first time in a decade that the wealth of information on South African English that the dictionary contains has been made widely available. We are very grateful to Rhodes University for its support in enabling us to launch this project. A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles is now available online as a pilot edition with free access until the end of 2014

Mapping Metaphor with the Historical Thesaurus: a new resource for investigating metaphor in names

The AHRC-funded ‘Mapping Metaphor with the Historical Thesaurus’ project has traced the development of metaphor in English from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day using the unique evidence base of the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. The Historical Thesaurus organises the contents of the OED semantically, making it possible to see how vocabulary for any given concept has developed over time. One of the major outputs of the Mapping Metaphor project is the online Metaphor Map, which can be used to investigate metaphor in names and is freely available at: http://mappingmetaphor.arts.gla.ac.uk/

Corpus-based analysis of a set of recent Japanese loanwords in English

This thesis analyses a set of 20 recent Japanese loanwords from the Oxford English Dictionary Online, which have appeared most recently in an English context to find out which loanwords and how often they occur in the English Web 2015 corpus and what topic they are related to.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5374937*es

Adjective clauses in the -er suffix of occupation definitions in online dictionaries

Learners’ dictionaries are often intended to assist students with distinct proficiency levels. However, few studies have shown how dictionaries with different intended users were compared. This paper aimed to compare and contrast adjective clauses in -er suffix occupation definitions in two online dictionaries. Data, consisting of 33 occupation words with the suffix -er, such as ‘barber’ and ‘waiter’, were collected from the online Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) and the online Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD) using purposive sampling. The data were analysed using syntactic analysis, focusing on the components of adjective clauses. The results showed the head noun of the adjective clauses differed; LDOCE used pronouns most frequently (80.6%), while OALD used noun phrases only (100%). The relative pronoun ‘who’ was used more frequently in LDOCE (48.4%) and ‘whose’ in OALD (62.5%). Transitive verbs were used the most in LDOCE (48.4%), but in OALD, it was linking verbs (57.9%). The additional information that affected the length of the adjective clauses was longer in OALD compared to LDOCE. The study results provide pedagogical implications for English learning-teaching by utilizing online dictionaries. English teachers and learners are encouraged to integrate dictionaries into the learning-teaching activities

“Don’t Use This Word”

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a wider research project which aims at exploring the relationship between racist hate speech and online English lexicography for learners. In particular, this pilot study focuses on the treatment of “ethnophaulisms” (Roback 1944), most commonly referred to as ethnic slurs, in the online editions of three major British English dictionaries for advanced learners: the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners and the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The rationale behind this paper lies in the connection between two phenomena of the present cultural moment and digital age: the impact of the Internet on dictionary consulting (Jackson 2017; Béjoint 2016) and the alarming increase of online racism and xenophobia at the global level (see Gagliardone et al. 2015). Accordingly, the research objective is to analyse whether and how the three dictionaries selected include, label, define or, more generally, present learners with data reflecting the taboo and offensive nature of these instances of racist hate speech

Is This a Word for an Emotion? Considering a Set of English Data

There are many words that rather clearly denote emotions, such as the nouns anger, happiness, and sadness. However, some cases are not so clear. For example, if a person feels relaxed, the adjective can refer to a physiological as well as an emotional state. It may be even more difficult to decide if a word such as the noun fun or the adjective warm refers to an emotional state. In this paper, I will discuss a list of 86 words that I collected while annotating a set of British English texts. They consisted of people’s fond memories of the music of digital games, and I aimed to mark all words that referred to emotions. I made notes of words that I was uncertain about. Here, those words are considered in the light of two dictionaries, the Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, and the Oxford English Dictionary online