Using a crop model to account for the effects of local factors on the LCA of sugar beet ethanol in Picardy region, France

CT1 ; CT3 ; EnjS1 ; EnjS4 ; Base de données AgroclimInternational audienceThe results of published Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of biofuels are characterized by a large variability, arising from the diversity of both biofuel chains and the methodologies used to estimate inventory data. Here, we suggest that the best option to maximize the accuracy of biofuel LCA is to produce local results taking into account the local soil, climatic and agricultural management factors. Methods We focused on a case study involving the production of first-generation ethanol from sugar beet in the Picardy region in Northern France. To account for local factors, we first defined three climatic patterns according to rainfall from a 20-year series of weather data. We subsequently defined two crop rotations with sugar beet as a break crop, corresponding to current practice and an optimized management scenario, respectively. The six combinations of climate types and rotations were run with the process-based model CERES-EGC to estimate crop yields and environmental emissions. We completed the data inventory and compiled the impact assessments using Simapro v.7.1 and Ecoinvent database v2.0. Results Overall, sugar beet ethanol had lower impacts than gasoline for the abiotic depletion, global warming, ozone layer depletion and photochemical oxidation categories. In particular, it emitted between 28 % and 42 % less greenhouse gases than gasoline. Conversely, sugar beet ethanol had higher impacts than gasoline for acidification and eutrophication due to losses of reactive nitrogen in the arable field. Thus, LCA results were highly sensitive to changes in local conditions and management factors. As a result, an average impact figures for a given biofuel chain at regional or national scales may only be indicative within a large uncertainty band. Conclusions Although the crop model made it possible to take local factors into account in the life-cycle inventory, best management practices that achieved high yields while reducing environmental impacts could not be identified. Further modelling developments are necessary to better account for the effects of management practices, in particular regarding the benefits of fertiliser incorporation into the topsoil in terms of nitrogen losses abatement. Supplementary data and modelling developments also are needed to better estimate the emissions of pesticides and heavy metals in the field

Analysis of Disruptions in the Gulf of Mexico Oil and Gas Industry Supply Chain and Related Economic Impacts

Catastrophic events are human and economic tragedies in collaboration. Oil spills have enormous impacts on the local economy of the area and for the local labor markets. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was caused by an explosion on semisubmersible drilling rig (Macondo) on April 20, 2010. Another regional disaster, Hurricane Katrina as it ripped over the core of the Gulf of Mexico producing zone, one of the most important oil and gas production region. With Geological complexities, continued of drilling and production in GoM increases the risk of having leak/spill. Therefore, the Econometrics methods, and Modeling to forecast impacts of potential disasters are utilized and conduct optimization modeling to capture key components for building reasonable supply chain models of actual situations for petroleum industry in order to make the best possible choices consequences of disaster in this dissertation,. The dynamic response of a different of industrial sectors in Louisiana to oil and gas disasters is considered. The likely magnitude of the net economic impact of a major oil spill (Macondo) will be determined in terms of jobs and wages with Vector Autoregressive method. Forecast the potential impacts of future changes in employment after disaster on economy will be studied. In the second part, the offsetting economic injection due to BP expenditures in the economy, will estimate by economic impact analysis method, which is Input-output models. Then the gross economic damage, which is created by BP oil spill will be calculated. The final results provide beneficial knowledge on determining the potential economic impact of future large-scale catastrophes and helpful for companies to react better to the economic impact of events. At the end, a mathematical framework will be presented for optimal network design of oil and gas supply chain with application for Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP); due to determine the optimal oil flow through the mid-stream/ downstream networks and its profit even if it is experiencing natural/ man-made damages. The outcome of this work is a new distributed decision support framework which is intended to help optimize the profit for critical energy zone and to boost economy under unpredictable situations

Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control)

The BREF entitled ‘Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas’ forms part of a series presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review, and where necessary, update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU). This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. This BREF for the refining of mineral oil and gas covers certain industrial activities specified in Section 1.2 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely the energy industries of the refining of mineral oil and gas sector. In particular, this document covers the following refineries processes and activities: - Alkylation - Base oil production - Bitumen production - Catalytic cracking - Catalytic reforming - Coking - Cooling - Desalting - Combustion of refinery fuels for energy production - Etherification - Gas separation - Hydrogen consuming processes - Hydrogen production - Isomerisation - Natural gas plants - Polymerisation - Primary distillation - Product treatments - Storage and handling of refinery materials - Visbreaking and other thermal conversions - Waste gas treatment - Waste water treatment - Waste management. Important issues for the implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU in the refining of mineral oil and gas sector are the emissions to air of volatile organic substances, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, hydrofluoric acid, ammonia, carbon monoxide, dioxins and furans, and dust; emissions to water of oils, benzene, suspended solids, COD, nitrogen, metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury); energy efficiency; and the prevention of emissions to soil and groundwater. The BREF document contains seven chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 provide general information on the refining of mineral oil and gas industry and on the industrial processes and techniques used within this sector. Chapter 3 provides data and information concerning the environmental performance of installations in terms of current emissions, consumption of raw materials, water and energy, and generation of waste. Chapter 4 describes the techniques to prevent or reduce emissions from installations in the sector. In Chapter 5 the BAT conclusions, as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive, are presented for the refining of mineral oil and gas industry. Chapters 6 and 7 are dedicated to emerging techniques as well as to concluding remarks and recommendations for future work in the sector, respectively.JRC.J.5-Sustainable Production and Consumptio

Process plant contractors in the former Soviet Union and Central/Eastern Europe : identification and analysis of contractor selection criteria.

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN049764 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

The oil and gas industries of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in relation to the Comecon energy balance and the world petroleum market

This thesis analyses the development of oil and natural gas in the Soviet Union and Eastern European full members of the Council for Futual Economic Assistance (Comecon) from the end of the Second World War to 1975 and assesses the likely role of hydrocarbon fuels in the Comecon energy balance to 1980. The major part of the thesis is concerned with developments in the 1971- 1975 period, when the Soviet Union, the bloc's principal producer and supplier, experienced a number of technical and economic difficulties in the oil and gas industries and when world prices of oil showed a fivefold increase, which was reflected in turn in increasing prices of other energy raw materials. The objectives of the study are therefore to identify the problems faced in utilising Comecon oil and gas resources, to assess their impact on energy developments in the bloc and on the pattern of Soviet trade in oil and gas, and on relations with other hydrocarbon producers in the changing world market. There exists a number of western studies of Comecon energy developments, published in the early to mid-sixties, some of which suggested that the era of Comecon energy autarchy would come to an end and that the group might become increasingly involved in the world market as a competitive purchaser. This view was maintained in some quarters after the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed substantial increases in the selling prices of their crude oil in October 1973 and subsequently. However study of Soviet and Fast European techno-economic material has revealed that before the aforementioned price rises Comecon planners were assessing the possibilities of adjusting energy policy to cope with these difficulties, with the objectives of at least maintaining the export surplus of oil and of developing export trade in gas. Such theories of an impending "Comecon energy crisis" are re-examined, taking into account the capacity of the logistic system to allow planners to re-assess the relationship of oil to coal, gas and other fuels. The examination suggests that although considerable difficulties are known and acknowledged to exist in the Comecon oil and gas industries, the bloc has the opportunity of retaining self-sufficiency in hydrocarbon energy to 1980 and that current policy is directed to the attainment of this objective. The thesis is written almost entirely from Soviet and Post European technical and economic sources. Official Comecon statistical material, supplemented by Ii~ECt OBeD and United Nations publications, have been used to provide basic data. The metric system has been adopted throughout the thesis

18th Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water

Conference at a Glance Monday, October 21, 2002 Workshops Workshops # 1, 2 & 3 - 10:00 am - 5:00 pm Workshops # 4 & 5 - 1:00 - 5:00 pm 1: The Indoor Air Exposure Pathway from Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater 2: Theory and Use of Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence for Soil Analysis 3: In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Workshop 4: Workshop on Current Spectrochemical Techniques for Determining Heavy Metals in Sediments and Soils 5: Practical Remediation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil and Groundwater Tuesday, October 22, 2002 Platform Presentations 8:30am-Noon Session 1: Advances in In-Situ Remediation Session 2: Phytoremediation Session 3: Heavy Metals 1:30pm-5:30pm Session 1: MTBE Session 2: Sediments I Session 3A: RBCA Session 3B: Regulatory Poster Session, 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm , Exhibit Area, First Floor, Campus Center Social: 4:30-6:00 pm Exhibit Area, First Floor Campus Center Workshops (Evening 7:00-10:00 pm) 6: State of the Science in Assessing MTBE Degradation II 7: Recent Improvements in the Practice of Risk Assessment as Illustrated through Case Studies Wednesday, October 23, 2002 Platform Presentations 8:30 am-Noon Session 1: Environmental Forensics I Session 2: MGP Site Closure Session 3: Bioremediation 1:30pm-5:30pm Session 1: Sediments II Session 2: Remediation - Soils Session 3A: Chemical Oxidation Session 3B: Training Range Residues Session 4: Biomarkers for Contamination: Hierarchical Approaches Poster Session, 1:00-3:00 pm, Exhibit Area, First Floor, Campus Center Social: 4:30-6:00 pm Exhibit Area, First Floor Campus Center Workshops (Evening 7:00-10:00pm) 8: Forensic Environmental Geochemistry: Petroleum Fuels 9: MGP Site Closures: Experiences from the Trenches - Point Counter Point Technology Review 10: Environmental Fate of Hydrocarbons in Soils and Groundwater Thursday, October 24, 2002 Platform Presentations 8:30 am-Noon Session 1: Environmental Forensics II Session 2: Remediation - Groundwater Session 3: Arsenic Session 4: Site Assessment/Environmental Fate 1:30pm-5:30pm Session 1: Sediments III Session 2: Risk Assessmen

International energy annual 1996

The International Energy Annual presents an overview of key international energy trends for production, consumption, imports, and exports of primary energy commodities in over 220 countries, dependencies, and areas of special sovereignty. Also included are population and gross domestic product data, as well as prices for crude oil and petroleum products in selected countries. Renewable energy reported in the International Energy Annual includes hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, and wind electric power, biofuels energy for the US, and biofuels electric power for Brazil. New in the 1996 edition are estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of petroleum and coal, and the consumption and flaring of natural gas. 72 tabs