MODALITY REALIZED ON HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXTS USED IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE XI TEXTBOOK

This research is aimed at analyzing types of modality and the interpersonal meaning through modality system realized in hortatory exposition texts that is used by senior high school grade XI textbook. This study employed Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) based on Halliday and and Matthiessen’s framework since it can seek and identify the level of language structure which makes kinds of meaning. There are five hortatory exposition texts that were analyzed based on modality system and interpersonal meaning. The first finding showed that there was modality system in all of clauses indicating  author’s interpersonal meaning with the use of language value that is different in the texts. The second finding showed that different types of language value and polarity also indicated the author’s interpersonal meaning in the texts. The types of modality which were found in the five texts were dominated by modalization with positive polarity and median value. In addition, this analysis concluded that five texts comprised several modalization and modulation types which occurred in different ranks. This study suggested that further researchers investigate various texts and other aspects of mood and modality. Keywords: hortatory exposition text, interpersonal meaning, modality, textboo

Functionally-communicative characteristics of the grammar meaning of the indicative modality

У статті проаналізовано грамему індикативної (реальної) модальності на тлі категорійної структури сучасної української мови, визначено типологічні закономірності її вираження та вказано на специфіку вияву в мовленні.In this article the grammar meaning of the indicative modality base upon the categorical structure has been analyzed, the common features of its expressing have been expressed and its usage in speaking has been pointed

Transfer of modality in translation (modal verbs and their equivalents, modal words)

The article discusses the features of the translation of modal verbs from English into Uzbek, as well as the special use of phrasal units in a modal meaning. It highlights the problem of transferring the category of modality when translating from English language. To solve the problem, methods of transferring the modality are considered. Some peculiarities of translation of modal verbs and basic concept of modality are analysed

On the pragmatics of modal verbs

This paper reflects on the nature of the contextual meaning that is often associated with modal verbs. Four examples are given of contextual effects that have been discussed in the literature: pragmatic strengthening and weakening, dynamic implication, strength of the modality and subjective vs. objective modality. It is argued that these four cases are not entirely similar when they are considered from the perspective of the semantics-pragmatics interface and the categorisation of modal meaning. This study shows what unites and what differentiates these four facets of the ‘pragmatics’ of modals

The Misconceived Assumption About Constitutional Assumptions

Both originalists and nonoriginalists alike often assume that background assumptions widely held when the Constitution or its amendments were enacted are part of the original meaning of the text. Originalists sometimes appeal to these background assumptions to render the meaning of more abstract words or phrases more determinate; nonoriginalist point to odious or outmoded assumptions as proof that original meaning is objectionable and should be rejected. In this paper, the author examines the proper role of background assumptions in constitutional interpretation when ascertaining the meaning of the terms, and in constitutional construction when applying this meaning to particular cases and controversies. Rather than present a normative argument on behalf of originalism, he merely tries to identify what the original meaning of the text really is—in particular, the circumstances in which background assumptions become a part of that meaning. While this analysis should be of obvious interest to originalists, it should also be of interest to any nonoriginalist who believes that the original meaning of the text is at least one factor or “modality” of constitutional interpretation to be balanced against other considerations. In Part I, the author explains how express and implied in fact terms provide the meaning of both written contracts and written constitutions. In Part II, he distinguishes this meaning of the text from the background assumptions that can result in the failure of a contract when circumstances arise about which the text is silent. Unlike contracts, however, with constitutions “failure” is not an option. Further, while background assumptions can be relevant to interpreting the meaning of ambiguous terms in both contracts and constitutions, most sustained disputes over constitutional terms concern, not the interpretation of ambiguity, but the construction of terms whose meaning is vague. Part III considers how one’s approach to the construction of vague terms will depend on one’s theory of constitutional legitimacy—that is, what makes a constitution “binding.” If, like contracts, the legitimacy of constitutions is based on original consent of the governed then, as with contracts, background assumptions can be viewed as silently conditioning that consent. On the other hand, if constitutional legitimacy is based on the justice of imposing laws on a nonconsenting public, then odious background assumptions are irrelevant to construing vagueness. This divide is illustrated by the antebellum debates over the constitutionality of slavery. Finally, in Part IV, this analysis is applied to three background assumptions: (1) that there are unenumerated natural rights, (2) that there is an unenumerated police power of states, and (3) that certain interpretive methods would be employed by courts