Impact of vehicle to grid in the power system dynamic behaviour

This work was supported in part by FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia de Portugal, under the grant SFRH/BD/47973/2008 and within the framework of the Project "Green Island" with the Reference MIT-PT/SES-GI/0008/2008, by the European Commission within the framework of the European Project MERGE - Mobile Energy Resources in Grids of Electricity, contract nr. 241399 (FP7) and by INESC Porto - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores do PortoTese de doutoramento. Sistemas Sustentáveis de Energia. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 201

Automated Transit Networks (ATN): A Review of the State of the Industry and Prospects for the Future, MTI Report 12-31

The concept of Automated Transit Networks (ATN) - in which fully automated vehicles on exclusive, grade-separated guideways provide on-demand, primarily non-stop, origin-to-destination service over an area network – has been around since the 1950s. However, only a few systems are in current operation around the world. ATN does not appear “on the radar” of urban planners, transit professionals, or policy makers when it comes to designing solutions for current transit problems in urban areas. This study explains ATN technology, setting it in the larger context of Automated Guideway Transit (AGT); looks at the current status of ATN suppliers, the status of the ATN industry, and the prospects of a U.S.-based ATN industry; summarizes and organizes proceedings from the seven Podcar City conferences that have been held since 2006; documents the U.S./Sweden Memorandum of Understanding on Sustainable Transport; discusses how ATN could expand the coverage of existing transit systems; explains the opportunities and challenges in planning and funding ATN systems and approaches for procuring ATN systems; and concludes with a summary of the existing challenges and opportunities for ATN technology. The study is intended to be an informative tool for planners, urban designers, and those involved in public policy, especially for urban transit, to provide a reference for history and background on ATN, and to use for policy development and research

Combined power system planning and policy proposition for future electric vehicle charging infrastructure

This thesis was submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonIn order to achieve the UK Government’s legally bound framework of greenhouse gas reduction targets, the transport sector is undergoing drastic changes. The key action taken by the Department of Transport in addressing the issue was the introduction of Ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEV) concept. Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) was introduced to support early market for ULEV and development of efficient recharging network through Plugged-in Places programme. The massive deployment of EV charging stations across GB will have direct impact on GB power system as they require electricity supply for their operation. It is therefore deemed necessary to carry out investigations on the capacity of the network assets to handle this load and to develop policies to manage the future EV charging infrastructure efficiently. This thesis provides an overview of the EV technology introducing various technicalities behind EVs and the associated charging stations. The extended theory about interoperability between EVs and power networks is also presented. Investigation of an 11kV networked site and 66/11 kV networked area is performed to determine their potential in accommodating future EV charging infrastructure. A methodology has been proposed to carry out investigations in 11kV networked site. For analysis purpose both the real networks are modelled in detail using power system analysis software Electrical Transient Analyzer Programme (ETAP). Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) and Northern Power Grid (NPG) are the owners of the distribution networks respectively. Collaboration with DNOs has taken place to collect the existing network data. Finally, a university based EV charging bays management policy has been proposed

Integration of electric vehicles into distribution networks

The objectives of this research were to investigate the impact of electric vehicle battery charging on grid demand at a national level and on the steady state parameters of distribution networks. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles according to electric vehicle owner preferences, distribution network technical limits and electricity prices was designed and developed and its operation was tested experimentally. The impact on grid demand peak increases at the national systems of Great Britain and Spain was evaluated using low and high electric vehicle uptake levels of 7% and 48.5% of the car fleet for the year 2030 with a deterministic method. It was found that a low uptake will not raise significantly the grid demand peaks in both countries under investigation. However, a high uptake will raise significantly the grid demand peaks. The impact from residential electric vehicle battery charging on steady state voltages, power line losses, transformers’ and cables’ loadings of distribution networks was evaluated using a deterministic and a probabilistic method. It was found that low and medium uptake levels of electric vehicles equivalent to 12.5% and 33% per residential area of 384 customers in 2030, can be safely accommodated by reinforcing the distribution network. A combination of reinforcements, installation of microgenerators and control of electric vehicle battery charging will be required to accommodate safely a high uptake of 71% with regards to the constraints studied. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles was designed and developed. Search techniques and neural networks were used for the decision making processes. The ability of the agent-based control system to operate successfully in both normal and abnormal conditions for the electrical network was proved with experimental validation in the laboratory of Tecnalia research institute in Spain.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Integration of electric vehicles into distribution networks

The objectives of this research were to investigate the impact of electric vehicle battery charging on grid demand at a national level and on the steady state parameters of distribution networks. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles according to electric vehicle owner preferences, distribution network technical limits and electricity prices was designed and developed and its operation was tested experimentally. The impact on grid demand peak increases at the national systems of Great Britain and Spain was evaluated using low and high electric vehicle uptake levels of 7% and 48.5% of the car fleet for the year 2030 with a deterministic method. It was found that a low uptake will not raise significantly the grid demand peaks in both countries under investigation. However, a high uptake will raise significantly the grid demand peaks. The impact from residential electric vehicle battery charging on steady state voltages, power line losses, transformers’ and cables’ loadings of distribution networks was evaluated using a deterministic and a probabilistic method. It was found that low and medium uptake levels of electric vehicles equivalent to 12.5% and 33% per residential area of 384 customers in 2030, can be safely accommodated by reinforcing the distribution network. A combination of reinforcements, installation of microgenerators and control of electric vehicle battery charging will be required to accommodate safely a high uptake of 71% with regards to the constraints studied. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles was designed and developed. Search techniques and neural networks were used for the decision making processes. The ability of the agent-based control system to operate successfully in both normal and abnormal conditions for the electrical network was proved with experimental validation in the laboratory of Tecnalia research institute in Spain

An integrated approach to planning charging infrastructure for battery electric vehicles

PhD ThesisBattery electric vehicles (BEVs) could break our dependence on fossil fuels by facilitating the transition to low carbon and efficient transport and power systems. Yet, BEV market share is under 1% and there are several barriers to adoption including the lack of charging infrastructure. This work revealed insights that could inform planning an appropriate charging infrastructure to support the transition towards BEVs. The insights were based on analysis of a comprehensive dataset collected from three early, real world demonstrators in the UK on BEVs and smart grids. The BEV participants had access and used home, work and public charging infrastructure including fast chargers (50 kW). Probabilistic methods were used to combine and analyse the datasets to ensure robustness of findings. The findings confirm that it is essential to consider a new refuelling paradigm for BEV charging infrastructure and not replicate the liquid-fuel infrastructure where all demand is met at public fuelling stations in a very short period of time. BEVs could be charged where they are routinely parked for long periods of time (i.e. home, work) and meet most of the charging needs of drivers. Installing slow charging infrastructure at home and work would be less expensive and less complicated than rolling-out a ubiquitous fast charging infrastructure to meet all charging needs. In addition, ensuring that cars are connected most of the time to the electricity network allows proper management of BEV charging demand. This could support reliable and efficient operation of the power system to minimise network upgrade costs. Finally, when slow charging infrastructure is neither available nor practical to meet charging needs, fast chargers can be used to fill in this gap. Analysing data of BEV drivers with access to private charging locations, the findings show that fast chargers become more important than slow chargers for daily journeys above 240km and could help overcome perceived and actual range barriers. An appropriate infrastructure takes an integrated approach encompassing BEV drivers’ requirements and the characteristics of the distribution networks where BEV charging infrastructure is connected. A non-integrated approach to delivering a charging infrastructure could impede the transition towards BEVs. The findings of this work could support on-going policy development in the UK and are crucial to planning national charging infrastructure to support the adoption of BEVs in a cost-optimal manner

An assessment of inductive coupling roadway powered vehicles

The technical concept underlying the roadway powered vehicle system is the combination of an electrical power source embedded in the roadway and a vehicle-mounted power pickup that is inductively coupled to the roadway power source. The feasibility of such a system, implemented on a large scale was investigated. Factors considered included current and potential transportation modes and requirements, economics, energy, technology, social and institutional issues. These factors interrelate in highly complex ways, and a firm understanding of each of them does not yet exist. The study therefore was structured to manipulate known data in equally complex ways to produce a schema of options and useful questions that can form a basis for further, harder research. A dialectical inquiry technique was used in which two adversary teams, mediated by a third-party team, debated each factor and its interrelationship with the whole of the known information on the topic

A Comparative Study on Developing the Hybrid-Electric Vehicle ‎Systems and its Future Expectation over the Conventional Engines Cars

The use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as an alternative to traditional petroleum-powered cars has risen due to climate change, air pollution, and fuel depletion. The transportation sector is the second largest energy-consuming sector that accounts for 30% of the world’s total delivered energy and about 60% of world oil demand. In 2008, the transportation sector accounted for about 22% of total world CO2 emissions. Within this sector, road vehicles dominate oil consumption and represent 81% of total transportation energy demand. This review discusses opportunities to reduce energy consumed and greenhouse gases in this sector and briefly discusses the Hybrid electric vehicles as a solution to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. Also, the Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and the General architectures of hybrid electric vehicles and their subtypes have been discussed. Hybrid electric vehicle system components, system analysis, and fuel economy benefits are also explained. As the comparison results proved that the benefits of improved engine thermal efficiency outweigh the losses caused by longer energy transmission paths and showed that hybridization can improve fuel economy by about 24% in typical urban cycles. This study offers a thorough analysis of hybrid electric vehicles, including information on the designs, and energy management systems, created by different researchers. According to the thorough analysis, the current systems can execute HEVs rather effectively, but their dependability and autonomous systems remain not satisfactory. Several variables, difficulties, and issues related to the future generation of hybrid cars have been highlighted in this research