860,786 research outputs found
The Logic of Language Change
A discussion of the relation of dialectical transitions in Hegel's speculative logic to changes in categories and grammar in the empirical historical languages
Language Idling and Language in Use Wittgenstein on Following Rules
This paper has a simple goal: it aims to present
the difference between static logic and dynamic grammar.
At the same time I will stress another difference which
traverses logic and grammar: the difference between
language idling and language in use. There is a
development from static logic to dynamic grammar in
Wittgenstein"s philosophy from early to late, whereas the
difference between language idling and language in use
pervades the whole oeuvre. Therefore I shall distinguish
between four different conditions pertaining to the attempt
to render the relations that hold language together. We find
in early Wittgenstein "idle static logic" and "static logic in
use," and in late Wittgenstein "idle dynamic grammar" and
"dynamic grammar in use." This four-fold distinction serves
to emphasize that the crucial shift to "use," which is usually
claimed to be a feature of the Philosophical Investigations,
already takes place in the Tractatus. A negligence of this
"double shift" from logic to grammar and from idle language
to language in use brought about a vast amount of
misapprehensions of Wittgenstein"s philosophy, especially
of the account of rule following
Maude: specification and programming in rewriting logic
Maude is a high-level language and a high-performance system supporting executable specification and declarative programming in rewriting logic. Since rewriting logic contains equational logic, Maude also supports equational specification and programming in its sublanguage of functional modules and theories. The underlying equational logic chosen for Maude is membership equational logic, that has sorts, subsorts, operator overloading, and partiality definable by membership and equality conditions. Rewriting logic is reflective, in the sense of being able to express its own metalevel at the object level. Reflection is systematically exploited in Maude endowing the language with powerful metaprogramming capabilities, including both user-definable module operations and declarative strategies to guide the deduction process. This paper explains and illustrates with examples the main concepts of Maude's language design, including its underlying logic, functional, system and object-oriented modules, as well as parameterized modules, theories, and views. We also explain how Maude supports reflection, metaprogramming and internal strategies. The paper outlines the principles underlying the Maude system implementation, including its semicompilation techniques. We conclude with some remarks about applications, work on a formal environment for Maude, and a mobile language extension of Maude
Disjunctive Logic Programs with Inheritance
The paper proposes a new knowledge representation language, called DLP<,
which extends disjunctive logic programming (with strong negation) by
inheritance. The addition of inheritance enhances the knowledge modeling
features of the language providing a natural representation of default
reasoning with exceptions.
A declarative model-theoretic semantics of DLP< is provided, which is shown
to generalize the Answer Set Semantics of disjunctive logic programs.
The knowledge modeling features of the language are illustrated by encoding
classical nonmonotonic problems in DLP<.
The complexity of DLP< is analyzed, proving that inheritance does not cause
any computational overhead, as reasoning in DLP< has exactly the same
complexity as reasoning in disjunctive logic programming. This is confirmed by
the existence of an efficient translation from DLP< to plain disjunctive logic
programming. Using this translation, an advanced KR system supporting the DLP<
language has been implemented on top of the DLV system and has subsequently
been integrated into DLV.Comment: 28 pages; will be published in Theory and Practice of Logic
Programmin
A Rewrite Framework for Language Definitions and for Generation of Efficient Interpreters
A rewrite logic semantic definitional framework for programming languages is introduced, called K, together with partially automated translations of K language definitions into rewriting logic and into C. The framework is exemplified by defining SILF, a simple imperative language with functions. The translation of K definitions into rewriting logic enables the use of the various analysis tools developed for rewrite logic specifications, while the translation into C allows for very efficient interpreters. A suite of tests show the performance of interpreters compiled from K definitions
Linear-Logic Based Analysis of Constraint Handling Rules with Disjunction
Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a declarative committed-choice programming
language with a strong relationship to linear logic. Its generalization CHR
with Disjunction (CHRv) is a multi-paradigm declarative programming language
that allows the embedding of horn programs. We analyse the assets and the
limitations of the classical declarative semantics of CHR before we motivate
and develop a linear-logic declarative semantics for CHR and CHRv. We show how
to apply the linear-logic semantics to decide program properties and to prove
operational equivalence of CHRv programs across the boundaries of language
paradigms
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