Measuring the Knowledge Level of Farmers Regarding Improved Rice Cultivation Practices and Ranking of Associated Constraints

The Production Oriented Surveys on paddy growing areas were conducted in the three plain districts of Jammu region namely; Jammu, Samba and Kathua during the years 2003, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012. The information was gathered regarding the knowledge of farmers about improved practices of paddy cultivation, as recommended in package and practices. It is revealed from the study that the Knowledge Index of paddy growers was less than 50%, and majority of the respondents fall under the medium level category in terms of knowledge about improved practices of paddy cultivation. It was also observed that the knowledge of improved practices did not vary much between different districts and statistically were at par with each other. Lack of critical inputs at the right time and insufficient skill in dealing with diseases and pest control were the main constraints in achieving higher productivity. A number of steps are required to be taken to provide opportunities to farmers for adopting improved practices in paddy cultivation, either through the provision of training programmes or by making effective administrative decisions at the right time

The Knowledge Level of Primary Care Physicians in Surabaya Primary Health Care Center Concering Hepatitis B

Background: One of physician's functions at primary health care center (PHC) is the ability to diagnose some diseases especially that contribute to high morbidity and mortality. Until now, hepatitis B virus infection has become a major health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the knowledge level of primary care physicians concerning hepatitis B in Surabaya. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional study that performed by investigators through interviews with primary care physicians in Surabaya to fill questionnaires for measuring their knowledge level. The questionnaires were modified from questionnaire survey in Tur Key performed by Peksen et al. It reflected the level of knowledge of the physicians including their comprehension, application and analysis. Validity and reliability test were performed on the Result of those questionnaires. The knowledge level was categorized as follows: > 75 (excellent), 70.0–74.9 (very high), 65.0–69.9 (high), 60.0–64.9 (medium), 55.0–59.9 (moderate), 47.5–54.9 (nearly moderate), 40.0-47.4 (less moderate), < 40 (low). Results: Based on validity test, we obtained 14 items of 17 question items with correlation coefficient 0.287–0.561 and alpha reliability index 0.639; therefore, the instrument can be used to measure the knowledge level. The results of mean score conversion included comprehension, which was 84.878 ± 16.499 (excellent category); application, which was 47.556 ± 31.870 (nearly moderate category) and analysis, which was 14.634 ± 35.562 (low category). Statistically, the mean value of the knowledge level scale, which was the combination of comprehension, application and analysis, was obtained at 49.023 ± 19.085 including the nearly moderate category. Conclusion: By using a valid and reliable instrument, the knowledge level of primary care physician in Surabaya concerning hepatitis B can be categorized as nearly moderate

A configurational approach to the dynamics of firm level knowledge

Whilst there has been exponential growth in the work on the nature of organisational knowledge, relatively little progress has been made in terms of understanding the way in which knowledge specifically impacts on the firm. The aim of this paper is to further this understanding by developing a series of configurations representing some of the potential ways that knowledge is composed in organisations, with those components being tacit, explicit, architectural, component, individual and collective knowledge

On the evolution of the instance level of DL-lite knowledge bases

Recent papers address the issue of updating the instance level of knowledge bases expressed in Description Logic following a model-based approach. One of the outcomes of these papers is that the result of updating a knowledge base K is generally not expressible in the Description Logic used to express K. In this paper we introduce a formula-based approach to this problem, by revisiting some research work on formula-based updates developed in the '80s, in particular the WIDTIO (When In Doubt, Throw It Out) approach. We show that our operator enjoys desirable properties, including that both insertions and deletions according to such operator can be expressed in the DL used for the original KB. Also, we present polynomial time algorithms for the evolution of the instance level knowledge bases expressed in the most expressive Description Logics of the DL-lite family

Financial Knowledge and Financial Literacy at the Household Level

This paper uses data from the Health and Retirement Study to explore the mechanism that underlies the robust relation found in the literature between cognitive ability, and in particular numeracy, and wealth, income constant. We have a number of findings. First, the more valuable the pension, the more knowledgeable are covered workers about their pensions. We suggest that causality is more likely to run from pension wealth to pension knowledge, rather than the other way around. Second, most measures of cognitive ability, including numeracy, are not significant determinants of pension and Social Security knowledge. Third, standardizing for incomes and other factors, a pension of higher value does not substitute for other forms of wealth. Rather, counting pensions in total wealth, those with more valuable pensions save more for retirement, other things the same. Fourth, there is no evidence that wealth held outside of pensions is influenced by knowledge of pensions. In sum, numeracy does not influence wealth in whole or in part by affecting financial knowledge of one's pension plan, where financial knowledge of the pension then influences other decisions about retirement saving. These findings raise questions about the mechanism that underlies the relation between cognition, especially numeracy, and wealth. From a policy perspective, they suggest that the numeracy-wealth relation should not be taken as evidence that increasing financial literacy will increase the wealth of households as they enter into retirement.

The Knowledge Level in Cognitive Architectures: Current Limitations and Possible Developments

In this paper we identify and characterize an analysis of two problematic aspects affecting the representational level of cognitive architectures (CAs), namely: the limited size and the homogeneous typology of the encoded and processed knowledge. We argue that such aspects may constitute not only a technological problem that, in our opinion, should be addressed in order to build articial agents able to exhibit intelligent behaviours in general scenarios, but also an epistemological one, since they limit the plausibility of the comparison of the CAs' knowledge representation and processing mechanisms with those executed by humans in their everyday activities. In the final part of the paper further directions of research will be explored, trying to address current limitations and future challenges

Graduate employment in the knowledge society Norwegian mastergrade-level graduates

In Norway, as in most other countries, even most educational researchers and politicians agrees that knowledge worker jobs will be plentiful in the new knowledge economy and that new graduates from higher education not will have large problems in finding relevant employment in spite of their increasing numbers, there is still some disagreement about this. In Norway, the development on the graduate labour market is monitored by NIFU using graduate-surveys. According to the surveys, most graduates still find "relevant employment” after graduation. In this article we have explored the content of "relevant employment” by looking at various indicators for the skill level for those graduates who are in "relevant employment”; economic activity, sector, wages, and information-related work. This has been analysed for four fields of study; humanities, law, economics and science&technology, and by comparing the 1989/91- cohorts with the 2005/07-cohorts. All the indicators seem to indicate that "relevant employment” for the large part still is high-skill employment, and that there not is substantial deskilling or overqualification. Firstly, the large part of growth in graduate numbers has been absorbed by typical high-skill economic activities. This was however not mainly traditional academic work areas, but different types of "knowledge-intensive service production”. Especially important was ”professional and technical services” and information&communication. 43 per cent of the growth in recruitment occurred within these two economic activities. Wages in these two economic activities were also higher than in the traditional academic sector, indicating that the shift in recruitment to these two economic activities not should be interpreted as deskilling. For two other relatively important "new” work areas, for these groups of graduates, "cultural and other personal services” and "health care and social services”, however, and especially the first group, average wages was lower than in other economic activities, especially for the first group, which may indicate that the skill level is lower than in the traditional academic areas. Another important signal of large demand for graduates is that the business sector, which generally is thought of as more attractive than the public sector, accounted for three quarters of the increase in the number of employed graduates. This was not only because it was economic activities within the business sector domain that increased recruitment the most; there was also a general trend towards increased recruitment in business sector organization irrespective of economic activity. Lastly, nearly a third of the growth in recruitment was information-related work, also usually thought of as typical skilled work.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA MENGENAI KELAINAN GENETIK PENYEBAB DISABILITAS INTELEKTUAL DI KOTA SEMARANG

Background: Disability intellectual (DI) caused by several factors. Parents are highly plays an important. The knowledge parents about a disability intellectual influenced by several factors, that is age, sex, education level, level of income, exposure to get information, consultation to doctor, and socio-cultural. Methods: The research is analytic observational with design cross sectional, samples all parents patients. Research in SLB-C Widya Bhakti Semarang, purpose to know anything influences the level of knowledge parents about intellectual disability cause. Total sampel is 50. The tested data using chi square. Results: The level knowledge to DI in Semarang is good (48 %). The consultation to the doctor ( p = 0,056 ) having influence on the knowledge parents about a genetic disorder caused disability intellectual. While the age ( p = 0,144 ), the level of education ( p = 0,575 ), income levels ( p = 0,976 ), exposure to information ( p = 0,266 ), and social-culture the religion ( p=0, 606 ) and jobs ( p = 0,379 ) no have influence. The conclusion: The consultation to doctor having influence on the knowledge parents about abnormality a genetic disorder caused disability intellectual. While the age, levels of education, level level income and exposure information have no influence meaningful on the knowledge parents about a genetic disorder cause disability intellectual. Key word: Disability intlektual, a genetic disorder, the level knowledge, education, income, exposure to information, consultation doctor, social and cultura